Research Article | Volume 2 - Issue 1 | Article DOI :
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Emine Petekkaya¹, Sema Özandaç Polat², and Ahmet Hilmi Yücel²
¹Department of Anatomy, Beykent University, Turkey
²Department of Anatomy, Cukurova University, Turkey
Corresponding Author:
Emine Petekkaya, Department of Anatomy, Beykent University, Turkey, Campus of Beylikdüzü, 34520, Büyükçekmece, Istanbul, Turkey, Tel:+904441997; Fax: +9002128675566; Email: eminepetekkaya@gmail.com
Keywords
Subglottal pressure;
Subglottal airflow; Sound pressure level;
Aerodynamic parameter
Abstract
While subglottal pressure, which is an aerodynamic parameter of sound, is a driving force for phonation, it is the primary factor in increasing sound intensity. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the aerodynamic parameters of sound and sound intensity between individuals who are singers and those who are not. The study included 20 volunteer male and female opera singing students who had received vocal training and did not have any voice-related pathologies and 20 male and female medical students who had not received any vocal training. As aerodynamic components, the subglottal air pressure, subglottal airflow and sound pressure level data of the participants were collected by using an Aero view Pro Phonatory Aerodynamics System kit. Estimated subglottal aerodynamic measurements were taken by using a Rothenberg mask. The sound pressure levels were additionally measured by a Sound Level Meter (2240 B&K), and the results of the two methods were compared. For the measurements, the individuals were asked to vocalize the plosive consonant of “pa” in an anechoic room. Subglottal airflow was higher in the students who had not received vocal training (1.96±0.54) in comparison to the opera singing students (1.48±0.31) (p<0, 05). Subglottal air pressure was higher in the students who had vocal training (14.36±2.99) in comparison to those who did not have vocal training (11.32±3.47) (p<0, 05). The sound intensity levels of those who had vocal training (108.53 ± 3.48) were higher than those who did not have vocal training (101.43±4.52) (p< 0, 05).The mean sound intensity check measurement value was also higher in the group with vocal training (p<0, 05).It was confirmed by data than an increase in subglottal pressure is a predictor of an increase in sound intensity. Subglottal airflow had a constant continuity, and it did not seem to be effective in changing sound intensity. In addition, the mean correlation between subglottic pressure and SPL was found to be the 0.85 coefficient. Singing teaches how to use the laryngeal structures effectively in an aerodynamics sense.
Introduction
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is the sixth most common cancer. Each year around 500,000 new cases are diagnosed worldwide [1]. Laryngeal cancer is one of the most common forms of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
The introduction of robotic surgical systems has led to rapid developments in the treatment of head and neck cancer. While the focus was initially on oropharyngeal tumors, the development of new applications has allowed the use of robotic surgical techniques in anatomical regions such as the larynx. The procedure was first used to perform supraglottic laryngectomy and then total laryngectomy [2,3].
Transoral Robotic Surgery (TORS) was developed in 2005, and is now widely accepted as a convenient and reliable technique. Subsequently, several case series [4-6] and cadaver studies [7,8] related to Transoral Robotic Total Laryngectomy (TORTL) have been published.
Preoperative Evaluation
As TORTL is a new procedure, patient selection is important to avoid unexpected complications. However, because few studies have investigated this approach, no consensus has been reached on guidelines for patient selection. For procedures such as thyroidectomy, parathyroidectomy, and neck dissection, robotic surgery is contraindicated for overweight patients, patients undergoing neck radiotherapy, and patients who have undergone previous neck surgery [9]. However, the findings of previous studies suggest that these factors are not contraindications for TORTL.
Smith et al. [6] reported that in a case series of seven patients, six had undergone chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, and TORTL was used as salvage therapy in those patients. Furthermore, TORTL has been used to treat patients with subglottic chondrosarcoma, laryngeal chondronecrosis, bilateral vocal cord paralysis, subglottic stenosis due to prolonged intubation, chronic aspiration due to neurological disease, and subglottic adenoid cystic carcinoma [4-6]. Previous investigators have preoperatively assessed the oropharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx using TORTL preoperative planning to assess anatomical suitability for the procedure [4-6]. Smith et al. [6] did not use TORTL in patients who had an anteriorly located larynx and a narrow mandibular arch. Furthermore, Schuler et al. [8] reported that TORTL was not suitable for patients with prelaryngeal fat tissue or postcricoid invasion. In addition, the same authors reported that neck dissection should not be performed simultaneously.
Surgical Procedure
In addition to the robotic system, special retractors, such as the LARS4 (Fentex Medical, Neuhausen, Germany) or the WO-FK (Gyrus ACMI, Tuttlingen, Germany) are required to widen the surgical area [3].
The patient is placed in the supine position with the head in the extensor position. The bed is positioned so the foot of the bed is toward the anesthesia equipment [4].
The procedure begins with a standard tracheostomy skin incision. A tracheostomy is performed by making a 4cm long incision between the sternal notch and the cricoid cartilage. The superior subplatysmal flap is raised, and the strap muscles are divided to expose the trachea and cricoid cartilage [3]. The thyroid gland is dissected from the trachea on both sides sectioning the isthmus. The second and third tracheal rings are punctured and the endotracheal tube is inserted at that point. Then the paratracheal areas are dissected. If necessary, a thyroid lobectomy or total thyroidectomy is performed.
The posterior wall of the trachea is dissected and separated from the esophagus [6]. The hyoid bone is separated from the strap muscles. The thyroid cartilage is dissected from the surrounding tissue and thoroughly mobilized. This step is followed by a transoral robotic excision [4]. Retractors are used to retract and hold the laryngopharyngeal structures. The robotic system is docked and a 30-degree telescope is placed in the middle arm. The Schertel or Maryland forceps is placed onto the left robotic arm and the spatula monopolar cautery is fitted onto the right arm.
The dissection begins by incising the anterior vallecula and pharyngoepiglottic fold. Then the hyoid bone is dissected from the preepiglottic area to reach the thyroid cartilage. The anterior pyriform sinus mucosa is incised and the superior laryngeal suspensory ligaments are dissected. Afterwards, the postcricoid area is preserved, starting from the stomach, and an upward dissection is performed. At this stage, direct visualization facilitates the identification of tumor margins, and the remaining tissue is dissected, and the larynx is removed transorally [5,6]. The pharyngeal mucosa is sutured to the tongue base and the pharyngotomy is closed using 3-0 absorbable suture. When the neck is closed, superior skin retraction supports the pharyngotomy.
The strap muscles are reapproximated over the pharyngotomy site. Suction drains are placed superior to the stoma, and the stomal suturing is completed to finish the procedure [3]. Postoperative complications are similar to open technique. Intraoperative complications have not been reported in the literature. The duration of the surgery has been estimated to be around 4h and 30min [4-6]. Postoperative complications included esophageal fistula and hemorrhage [4,5]. Krishan et al [4] reported an average hospital stay of 21 days.
The advantages of TORTL include
1) Good cosmetic results, 2) Superior visualization with threedimensional imaging, 3) Suppression of physiological tremor, and 4)The procedure allows surgical manipulation within a small working space.
The disadvantages of TORTL include
1) High cost, 2) Lack of tactile feedback, 3) Suitable only for selected patients, 4) The long operation time, and 5) Requires extensive experience. Although TORTL is in its infancy, previous studies support its clinical applicability. The cosmetic benefits of this procedure are not as great as those associated with other robotic head and neck techniques because a permanent tracheostoma is created. However, as experience increases, the procedure may significantly minimize postoperative morbidities.
References
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Citation
Petekkaya E, Polat SÖ and Yücel AH. Comparative Analysis of Vocal Intensity and Aerodynamic Parameters between Singers and Non Singers. SM Otolaryngol. 2018; 2(1): 1016.
