[ ISSN : 2576-5442 ]
Music is the most essential ingredient of any entertainment. In order to create successful entertaining event musicians plays an imperative role. Musicians are wizards who spread the fragrance of joy by absorbing woes, in the form of Playing Related Musculoskeletal Disorders (PRMDs), for themselves. Like other occupations, musicians also suffer from work related musculoskeletal disorders which are often disabling
Music is the most essential ingredient of any entertainment. In order to create successful entertaining event musicians plays an imperative role. Musicians are wizards who spread the fragrance of joy by absorbing woes, in the form of Playing Related Musculoskeletal Disorders (PRMDs), for themselves. Like other occupations, musicians also suffer from work related musculoskeletal disorders which are often disabling [1,2] Since the occupation of instrumental musicians involves playing musical instruments, therefore, work related musculoskeletal disorders are called as Playing Related Musculoskeletal Disorders (PRMDs) [3].
The prevalence of PRMDs in musicians is reported between 32% and 87% [1,4]. Playing musical instrument requires technical precision, repetitive and striking movements and is often performed in constrained posture for longer period of time [1,5]. All types of instrumental musicians (string, woodwind, brass and percussionists) are prone to PRMDs [6].
There are various risk factors contributing to PRMDs among musicians. Broadly they are categorized into occupational and non- occupational. Occupational risk factors include environmental aspects such as temperature, equipment, layout and size of space and equipment [7], and lighting [8]. Physical demands may include instrument type [8,9], non-neutral body postures [10,11], vibration, rapid work pace repetitive motion, forceful exertions [10], playing duration and insufficient recovery time [7,9], mechanical pressure concentrations and cold.
Non-occupational risk factors that have been identified in the research include stress [7,12] as well as intrinsic individual factors such as gender [8,9], years of playing experience [9], age [8,13], fitness level/ conditioning [12,14], physical health condition [15,16], and physical characteristics [12]. However, inspite of common risk factors among musicians, each community of musicians has its own playing style; therefore, it is difficult to correlate the result obtained from a community of musicians to other community of musicians [17].
As a result, the nature of PRMDs and influence of risk factors may vary with the type of instrument being played. Large numbers of studies were reported in literature on PRMDs affecting instrumental musicians. But often there are unequal distributions of the instrumental musicians based on the instrument played. Some of the studies like Yeung et al. [18] wherein thirty nine musicians were studied only one percussionist participated in the study, Dawson [19] reviewed the records of one thousand three hundred and fifty four instrumentalists but only two percussionists were included in the study.
So any inference drawn from these studies would over estimate the result. There were studies on specific instrumental musicians as well. A study was carried out by Sandell et al. [20] which included two hundred and seventy nine percussionists revealed back as area of discomfort. But percussionist include many instruments each with varying style of playing therefore, inference cannot be generalized.
There was paucity of studies reporting specific type of disorders with specific type of percussion instrument except only one Indian study which described about task specific dystonia of Tabla players [21]. Another study was carried by Mishra et al. [11,14] on eighty five table players revealing prevalence of discomforts on specific body parts. The study revealed that the prolonged, unsupported, folded-knee sitting posture may be the cause of discomforts. Mishra et al. [11,14] in another study also reported major risk factor for Tabla playing.
Occupational factors and posture related factors were identified for Tabla players. Therefore, it can be comprehended that studies with specific musical instruments on larger sample size revealing discomforts and risk factors need to be explored. Since each geographical area has different music and associated instrumental musicians which demands different technical precision.
Hence, conducting studies on each type of musicians group and pointing out risk factors may help to come up with prevention and intervention strategies. Moreover, majorly of Musicians work as freelancer and being a special occupational group may require different prevention strategies and better design of musical instruments and their accessories. By looking at the prevalence and intensity of discomfort from literature, studies can be undertaken to design both better prevention strategies and intervention strategies.
12. Andrews E. Muscle management for musicians. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. 2005; ISBN 0810851342.
Mishra W. Musicians’ Woes: Playing related Musculoskeletal Disorders. SM Musculoskelet Disord. 2017; 2(1): 1009.
Occlusion is biologically defined as the coordinated functional interaction between the various cell populations forming the masticatory system as they differentiate, model, remodel, fail and repair
Talia Becker*
Achilles tendon is a common site of foot and ankle discomfort but its rupture is not frequent. It’s a superficial tendon and this lends it to excellent evaluation by sonography instead of magnetic resonance imaging. Recently ultrasonography has been widely used in musculoskeletal practice. We present a case of Achilles tendon ruptures diagnosed based on fundamental sonographic findings.
Arash Babaei-Ghazani¹,², Safoora Ebadi¹,², Bijan Forogh¹,³, and Bina Eftekharsadat⁴*
Osteoarthritis (OA), one of the most common skeletal disorders characterized by cartilage degradation and osteophyte formation in joints, is induced by accumulated mechanical stress; however, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanism. Several experimental OA models in mice by producing instability in the knee joints have been developed to apply approaches from mouse genetics. Although proteinases like matrix metalloproteases and aggrecanases have now been proven to be the principal initiators of OA progression, clinical trials of proteinase inhibitors have not been successful for the treatment, turning the interest of researchers to the upstream signals of proteinase induction. These signals include under graded and fragmented matrix proteins like type II collagen or fibronection that affects chondrocytes through distinct receptors. Another signal is pro inflammatory factors that are produced by chondrocytes and synovial cells; however, recent studies that used mouse OA models in knockout mice did not support that these factors have a role in the central contribution to OA development. Our mouse genetic approaches found that the induction of a transcriptional activator Runx2 in chondrocytes under mechanical stress contributes to the pathogenesis of OA through chondrocyte hypertrophy. In addition, chondrocyte apoptosis has recently been identified as being involved in OA progression. We hereby propose that these endochondral ossification signals may be important for the OA progression, suggesting that the related molecules can clinically be therapeutic targets of this disease.
Hiroshi Kawaguchi
Estimating the Knee Functional Axis (KFA) is crucial to both correctly implanting the prosthesis and accessing the joint kinematics. Researchers have mainly reported KFA by manual management of flexion extension movements, which are passively performed without any voluntary movements. Active touch and movement refers to what is ordinarily called as touching, which is defined as variations in skin stimulation caused by variations in a person’s motor activity.
The difference is very important for the individual. However, it has not been emphasized in the biomechanical literatures. This study aims to confirm the distinction between touching and being touched. We are particularly interested in measuring the Instantaneous Axes of the Knee (IAK) during locomotion. This geometrical “pattern” of the IAK is altered along with the touch pattern by the mechanical necessities of terrestrial movement.
Wangdo Kim¹, Young Choi², and Hong-Gi Lee³*
Although fractures of the epiphyseal cartilage injuries are common in childhood, epiphyseal fractures involving the proximal tibia entities are very rare and are usually caused by high-energy trauma, with an incidence ranging between 0.5 and 3.1% of patients; peak incidence between the ages 12-14 years in male patients. The aim of this report is describe a case of fracture of the epiphyseal cartilage of a 13 year old boy, a victim of sports trauma showing lateral tibial plateau fracture and epiphyseal cartilage fracture at the same side, not compatible with the classifications of fractures in children.
Omar Ferreira Miguel
In the last few years, clinical applications of regenerative medicine have been increasing their way in medical practice.
Valerio Di Nicola¹,² and Mauro Di Pietrantonio³*
The twentieth century epidemic of low back pain has continued unabated into the 21st century. Up to 20% of the Australian population will experience low back pain at some stage of their lives
J Saunders¹, M Cusi¹,³ and H Van der Wall¹,²*
Dupuytren’s Contracture (DC) is a fibro-proliferative tumor according to ICD 10 - fascial fibromatosis of unknown etiology (M 720), accompanied by a stable bending contracture of fingers. In CD in the postoperative period extremely high rate of surgical complications is observed: intraoperative (injury of blood vessels, nerves, tendons), general postoperative (hematoma, necrosis, odema, stiffness, etc.), late postoperative (recurrence, spread, progression). In the last case according to the data of different authors, complications frequency is depend upon the degree (from partial up to the total) and the accuracy of excision of the affected aponeurosis ?almaris. One of the problems in choosing the type of operation and technology is the complexity of the cutoff determination boundaries of the affected CD. Up to now there is no suitable for use in the practical CD surgery algorithm of the affected aponeurosis ?almaris spread non invasive visualization in a particular patient. The most appropriate method for the solution of this problem is a method of MRI. The technology of identifying the boundaries of surgery of the affected aponeurosis palmaris in Dupuytren’s contracture by means of MRI has been elaborated. It has been shown that MRI is a highly informative method in the assessment of topographic anatomy of aponeurosis palmaris in normal and CD states. PD, T1, T2 - weighed images allow objectively to visualize the border areas of the affected aponeurosis in I - III stages of CD. PD fsat (fat tissues signal saturation) MRI mode is not recommended for use.
Baikeev RF¹, Mikusev GI², Osmonaliyev IZh², Zakirov RH² and Afletonov EN²*
Metallosis is an aseptic fibrosis, local necrosis, inflammation, or loosening of an implant device secondary to metallic corrosion and release of wear debris. The condition has been highlighted recent years due to the clinical complications caused by metal-on-metal (MoM) hip replacement. Although some major types of MoM hip prostheses have been recalled from the market, metallosis is far from over as not only there are still a million implanted MoM hip prosthetic cases worldwide, but also it has been found in non-MoM hip prostheses and other metal implants. This mini review aims to provide recent findings of implants related metallosisin skeletal tissue.
Zhidao Xia
Osteoarthritis (OA), a degenerative disease of the articular cartilage, is one of the most frequent pathologies of the Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ), characterized by spontaneous pain at rest or in function, decreased range of motion, and articular noise.
Talia Becker