[ ISSN : 2573-3680 ]
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation; CPR; Emergency medical dispatcher; Dispatcher; Telephone; Aged
Objectives: To assess how senior citizens followed Telephone CPR (T-CPR) instructions in a simulated cardiac arrest scenario. Methods: Twenty-two voluntary senior citizens were studied in a simulated cardiac arrest scenario following the instructions given to them by an Emergency Medical Dispatcher. The phone calls and the CPR performance were recorded and analyzed. Results: The rescuers reported that they had performed better than the analysis of video and phone call recordings showed. When asked after the scenario the rescuers felt that they had coped with the situation well 72% and quite well 28% of the cases. Every participant evaluated the given telephone CPR instructions as very easy to understand. 35% of the participants thought that performing CPR was physically quite easy. The unexpected result was the EMDs’ bad protocol compliance. Protocol was not strictly followed by the dispatchers. They gave more straight forward instructions without the full knowledge of the situation, than they should have. From the 12 analyzed instructions that the dispatchers should have given to the rescuer, only three instructions (give two deep rescue breaths, correct positioning of the rescuers arms and to compress 15 times) were totally as in the protocol. Conclusions: The quality of CPR given by the senior citizens was inadequate in this study. The EMDs had bad protocol compliance. Standardized and feasible T-CPR instructions by the dispatcher are not seen in this study, even if the rescuers stated that the instructions were clear and easy to understand
The main patient group suffering a cardiac arrest is the senior citizens. The lay person who witnesses the arrest and calls for help is often about the same age as the victim. Sweden with its 10 million inhabitants has 16 Emergency Medical Communication Centers (EMCC). They all use the same Medical Index Protocol since 1998 [1-3].
The EMCC has two essential roles in the chain of survival of the cardiac arrest patients: to dispatch EMS response and to give telephone guided cardiopulmonary resuscitation (T-CPR) [4-9] to the bystander on scene. In this study the dispatcher’s gave instructions for both mouth-to-mouth ventilation and for chest compressions. Usually the telephone CPR instructions for adults include only compressions, but still children and persons in hypoxia need ventilation performed [10,11].
Also in rural areas, where EMS response times are usually significantly longer than in urban environment, case by case decisions have to be made by dispatcher of also to give or not to give instructions for mouth-tomouth ventilation as well. Senior citizens with their limited physical capacity have difficulties in performing satisfactory T-CPR [12] but little is known how the telephone instructions are understood by senior citizens and into what extent the protocol is followed.
The purpose of this study was to assess senior citizens CPR performance when guided by telephone instructions and how the senior citizens understood and followed the telephone CPR instructions given to them. What this study adds, is knowledge, that senior citizens might not follow telephone CPR instructions as effectively as might generally be assumed by the emergency dispatchers, or perform the CPR as effectively as thought. In general, they are more weak and slower in their physical performance, than layman in working age. This knowledge is of importance, because senior citizens are likely to witness a partners or friends cardiac arrest and call for help.
Pilot study
Fifteen voluntary senior citizens, who did not participate in this study, were tested in a pilot study. Pilot test was done to assess the senior citizens overall ability to give chest compressions for a resuscitation manikin. A Laerdal Resuscitation manikin with the compression rate meter was used in this test. All participants provided informed consent before their participation. In the pilot study chest compressions only-test shows also a poor quality of the CPR: Average compressions/ minute: 70.4 (range 44- 118). Average compression depth 41 mm (range 23-56 mm) and the amount of deep enough compressions were only 28.5% in average (range 0-88%).
The correct recoiling of the chest was performed best: 91.7% correct recoiling after the compression (range 0-100%). The pilot study showed that senior citizens were able to perform CPR on a resuscitation manikin, but that the observed quality of chest compressions was worse than expected.
Participants
Senior citizens: The participants where all members of the same senior citizens center in Sweden. The center was contacted with a letter explaining the study, and the interested senior citizens could contact the head nurse of the center to inform their interest to participate. Twenty two voluntary senior citizens (average age 70 years, range 65- 82 years) not attending the pilot study and with no prior knowledge of CPR participated. They were all physically in good condition and they had normal cognitive functions to their age.
Dispatchers: All personnel (N=40) from two EMCC’s were asked to participate. Fourteen had the opportunity and voluntarily participated. They had working experience as a dispatcher from less than one year up to twenty years. The dispatchers had a prior experience to answer a real cardiac arrest emergency call from zero to four cases (four dispatchers) up to more than one hundred calls (ten dispatchers).
The total amount of cardiac arrest calls per participating EMCC is not known. All EMD’s in Sweden are required to pass an 11-day training program in medicine, interview techniques, communication, regulations, theoretical and practical exercises. Furthermore, they are required to pass an individually based education, which consists of a 40-hour, interactive web-based program in medicine and 6-month training at an EMD centre. Annually their knowledge is tested and they have to pass complimentary courses.
Scenario
A simulated cardiac arrest scenario in a home environment was built up at the research center. The participating senior citizens were advised to enter the room, assess the situation as it would be a real person lying on the floor and then react according to that. They were acting alone and they had a cellular phone, which was used to call the EMCC. They had to dial a special number to start the call. The cellular phone was a simple model and the participant had to hold it against their ear in order to hear the instructions given by the dispatcher.
The dispatchers knew that it was a simulated situation, not a real call, although they performed their work in an authentic environment and were informed to handle the call as they use to do. The phone calls were recorded and analyzed afterwards by two of the authors.The senior citizens entered the scene with a Resuscitation Annmanikin (Laerdal Medical, Norway) laying on her back on the floor. They called the EMCC and then were to follow the 12 instructions given by the dispatcher. The Medical Index [3] protocol starts with the questions: “What has happened?” Where is the patient?” and “From what number are you calling?”, followed by: “Is the patient awake?” and “Is she/he breathing normally?”. The senior citizens actions were video recorded and analyzed. Observed and analyzed actions and times both by senior citizens CPR and dispatcher’s phone instructions are presented in tables 1-4 and in table 5.
Assessment
Four different time periods were measured from the video tapes: time from the beginning of the emergency call (definition: when the dispatcher picks up the phone) to when the dispatcher hears the senior citizen report the patients unconsciousness, time from the beginning of the emergency call to when the dispatcher hears the senior citizen report the lack of breathing, time from the beginning to the first mouth-to-mouth ventilation and time from the beginning to the first chest compressions. From the video recordings the overall quality of the rescuers actions were rated (yes/no) from opening the airways, acceptable mouth-to-mouth ventilations, acceptable quality of chest compressions and adequate use of the mobile phone during the scenario.
The acceptability of the performance was rated by two experienced CPR instructors in consensus. The chest compressions exact depth couldn’t be measured from the video recordings, so visual assessment and the correct amount of chest compressions per minute were used as surrogates for quality of the resuscitation. After the scenario senior citizens answered four written questions with a Likert scale from one to five (1=totally agree, 5=totally disagree).
From the dispatchers audio recordings analyzing the use of the protocol for giving T-CPR instructions, 12 steps in the protocol were assessed. The performance was rated as a yes if the protocol was followed and as no if it was not. Two experienced dispatchers rated the recordings in consensus. Descriptive statistics were used to present the results. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS for Macintosh version 14.0 statistical software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL).
The surprising result was the EMDs bad protocol compliance. Protocol was not strictly followed by the dispatchers. They gave more straight forward instructions without the full knowledge of the situation, than what they should have. From the 12 analyzed instructions in the dispatchers protocol that the dispatcher should have given to the rescuer, only three instructions (give two deep rescue breaths, correct positioning of the arms and compress 15 times) were totally as in the protocol (Table 1). The right sequence of the chest compressions was given by the dispatcher in only 50% of the cases.
Table 1: The dispatcher’s assessed actions from the handling of the emergency call (n=22). Scale 1-5 (1= unacceptable, 3= accepted, 5= experienced dispatcher).
Results of the telephone instructions given by the dispatcher are presented in table 5. The mean times for the dispatcher to hear the senior citizen report unconsciousness, lack of breathing, and the times from the beginning of the emergency call to the first mouth-to-mouth ventilation and to the first chest compressions are presented in Table 2.
Table 2: Measured times from the recordings (n=22) from the beginning of the call.
The main finding of this study was that rescuers reported that they had performed better than video and phone call recordings showed when analyzed. The rescuer used the mobile phone adequately during the CPR in 64% (n=14), opened the airway successfully in only 18% (n=4) of the cases, gave acceptable mouth-to mouth ventilations in 27% (n=6) of the cases and acceptable chest compressions in 77% (n=17) of the cases (Table 3).
Table 3: Resuscitators technical performance from video recording observations.
When asked after the scenario the rescuers felt that they had coped with the situation well (72%, n=18) or quite well (28%, n=6). Every participant evaluated the given telephone CPR instructions as very easy to understand (100%, n=22). Participants own assessment of the technical quality of the CPR performed was rated as very good in 32% (n=7), quite good in 63% (n=14) and quite poor in 5% (n=1). Performing CPR was considered physically very demanding in 35% (n=7), or quite demanding in 30% (n=6) of the cases. 35% (n=7) of the participants thought that performing CPR was physically quite easy (Table 4).
Table 4: Questions answered by the senior citizens (n=22) after the scenario. Scale 1-5 (1= totally agree, 5= totally disagree).
The overall CPR performance of the senior citizens was quite poor. They could give information about unconscious patient with no breathing on the average within 35 seconds from the beginning of the emergency call, but then to follow telephone instructions to start mouth-to-mouth ventilation and chest compressions took 151 seconds and 185 seconds respectively. These are very long no-flow times from the beginning of the emergency call but in line with earlier studies [13-15]. Yet every participating senior citizen rated the T-CPR instructions as very easy to understand, and felt that they had coped with the situation very well or fairly well. So a critical revision of T-CPR instructions for the EMD´s should be done and tested to see if there are steps that could be instructed in some other way in order to maximize the time used for chest compressions, and to begin them as early as possible.
Opening the airway and adequate mouth-to-mouth ventilation were performed poorly, but the quality of chest compressions was acceptable in over ¾ of the cases. In their study Richman et al. [16] found out that only 29% of the participating senior citizens delivered high quality chest compressions. Performing CPR was considered physically very demanding or quite demanding for most of the senior citizens in this study, and yet all participants were considered normal or fit for their age and were willing to perform CPR. Should we consider and develop alternative ways to give chest compressions? At least for those rescuers who don’t have normal adult’s physical strength and capability? Also in an interview study by Vaillancourt et al. [17] physical limitations was found to be the number one limiting factor to perform CPR amongst elderly people.
Our limited data also suggests that the 2015 European Resuscitation Councils T-CPR guidelines [10], which suggest chest compressions-only instructions for the laypersons in the case of sudden cardiac arrest when no hypoxia is suspected, are easier to perform than the older guidelines for senior citizens with no prior experience on CPR. But instructions for mouth-to-mouth ventilation cannot be totally ignored even in the future. For example cardiac arrest due to near-drowning, or other cases where the lack of oxygen is the cause, the patients might still benefit from those instructions.
Even senior citizens take care of children, and many accidents with foreign objects in the airways takes place in senior homes. The dispatchers did not follow their T-CPR protocol strictly. Even if we only look at the compression part of the instructions, only four of seven analyzed steps were followed and these were followed in only about 50% of the cases. A deeper analysis is needed, is the problem due to difficulties in using the T-CPR aid for the EMDs? We do not know if the rescuers would perform better if the protocol was strictly followed. A more thorough analysis is needed to assess how the EMD’s are thinking and how they are tested for their ability to recognize and successfully handle a cardiac arrest emergency call. Should, for instance, a certain amount of simulation training be obligatory during the annually training, as a recent study [18] would indicate? And should the new instructions, when updated, always be tested in a simulation settings before they are applied to guidelines and other instructions? When revising T-CPR protocols and instructions, it might be worth testing the possible changes in simulations with senior citizens among the test groups.
The number of participants was very low, only 22 participants, so reliable statistical analyzes is difficult to get. We couldn’t compare afterwards which EMD had given instructions to a certain rescuer, thus we were not able to compare if a certain miss, or communication error in telephone instructions had an effect on technical performance of the CPR. This is due to the fact that individual dispatcher information was not noted reliably with each of the simulations. Our result of 77% of acceptable chest compressions is probably too high and is based only on the video recordings, not on actual compression data from the mannequin.
Cellular phone used by the rescuers was a simple, basic model. On the market there is a large variety of smartphones with different kind of CPR applications available, but is debatable could such programmes make it any easier, or especially quicker, for elderly rescuers to perform CPR, when even basic instructions spoken to them took a long time to be carried out. And yet all rescuers were considered to be cognitively normal to their age.
There was bad protocol compliance from the EMDs. Standardized and easy to use T-CPR instructions by the dispatcher are not seen in this study, even if the rescuers stated that the instructions were clear and easy to understand. The instructions need to be revised in a scholarly way as many times as it takes to get the performance needed to save a life. Might we need a more simplified telephone instructions for instance for senior citizens and for children?
3. Swedish Index to Emergency Medical Assistance. Laerdal ÅS, editor. SOS Alarm AB. A/S Stavanger. In: The Laerdal Foundation for Acute Medicine. 2001.
Hallikainen J, Castrén M, Niemi-Murola L, Nord-Ljungquist H and Bohm K. The Wording of Telephone Guided CPR Affect on Senior Citizens Performance: A Simulation Study. SM J Clin Med. 2018; 4(1): 1032.
The purpose of this statement is none other than to highlight the importance of ethical standards and quality required in basic and applied research currently being done so we can subsequently inform health care professionals of new developments that are taking place in this area.
Ma. Esperanza Rodríguez-van Lier*
Chemotherapy is commonly used in cancer treatment. So far, chemotherapy agents can be categorized into three types: classical chemotherapeutic drugs, molecular target agents and cellular machineries target drugs.
Ziyou Wang1,2 and Zunnan Huang1,2*
Blood transfusion can cause some transfusion adverse reactions. In order to understand the incidence of adverse transfusion reactions, we performed a meta-analysis in Chinese hospitals. Of 809 literatures, seven studies involving a total of 211, 050 patients with blood transfusion treatment were included in this meta-analysis. Meta-analysis showed that the total incidence of adverse reactions was 0.4% [95% CI (0.2, 0.9), P < 0.0001]. Further subgroup analysis showed that the incidence of febrile and allergic reactions was 0.2% [95% CI (0.1, 0.5), P < 0.0001] and 0.2% [95% CI (0.1, 0.3), P < 0.0001], respectively. The common blood components caused adverse reactions were red blood cell, plasama, and platelet in clinical practice.
Yulu Gao1 , Qinyun Li2 , Zongshuai Gao2 , Yunxia Zhu4 , Yanqiu Liao5 , Changtai Zhu2 *# , Yongning Sun3 *#
Background: CT scanning remains one of the most routinely used diagnostic tools in a setting of Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD). New and improved technologies, such as High Resolution Computer Tomography (HRCT) have revolutionized the quality of imaging, leading to a prominent increase in number of incidental findings that may or may not be of any clinical significance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of incidental findings on thoracic CT and their clinical significance.
Methods: Retrospective analysis was conducted on a cohort of 84 patients referred to our academic center as cases of ILD. Patients were referred for further evaluation between January 2000 and January 2014 and were followed over the disease course. CT scans were done annually as part of clinical management and patients were screened for any incidental findings. All incidental findings were reviewed, recorded in a clinical database and followed up on subsequent visits.
Results: 25 (30%) patients were found to have incidental findings. Liver abnormalities were found in 12 (14.29 %) patients. 11(13.10 %) patients were reported to have coronary artery calcifications. 5 (5.95 %) and 3 (3.57%) patients had thyroid abnormalities and renal cysts, respectively. A malignant lesion was found in 1 patient each in liver and thyroid abnormality subgroup.
Conclusion: Incidental findings are common on thoracic CT scans providing valuable and unexpected findings which warrant investigation by health care providers to exclude malignant processes.
Sonu Sahni1,2*, Sameer Verma1,2, Reeju S Thomas1 , Barbara Capozzi3 and Arunabh Talwar1,2
Hepatitis C Virus infection (HCV) is an increasing public health concern with an estimated 184 million people infected worldwide and approximately 350.000 yearly deaths from HCV-related complications.
Nesrine Gamal and Pietro Andreone*
We report a case of large cell undifferentiated lung carcinoma in a middle aged patient with previously treated tuberculosis and scarring. 20 pack years of smoking history was noted. He presented with metastasis at multiple sites including trochanter, liver and acute bilateral lateral rectus palsy. Chest radiography showed fibrosis of right upper zone with homogenous opacity. Sputum examination for AFB was negative. Computerized tomography of the thorax showed an irregular heterogeneously enhancing mass involving right upper lobe with cavitation, necrosis along with lymph node involvement and the erosion of the 4th rib with liver metastasis. Radiography of hip joint was suggestive of lesser trochanteric metastasis. MRI brain was suggestive of mass at base of brain in parasellar area. Fine needle aspiration cytology and CT guided biopsy confirmed undifferentiated large cell carcinoma of lung. Tuberculosis and smoking may increase the risk of lung scarring and malignancy and pulmonary scarring may be associated with increased lung carcinoma in ipsilateral lung. Clinician needs to be more sensitive to look for malignancy association particularly in patient with or previously treated for tuberculosis and even more emphasis to be laid if scarring of lung is observed.
Sreenivasa Rao Sudulagunta1 *, Shyamala Krishnaswamy Kothandapani2 , Mahesh Babu Sodalagunta3 , Hadi Khorram2 , Mona Sepehrar4 and Zahra Noroozpour1
Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disease characterized by fibrosis of the skin and internal organs, pronounced alterations in the microvasculature and frequent cellular and humoral immunity abnormalities. The rheumatic involvement of SSc is polymorphic and can reveal the disease or may appear during the course of its progression. Musculoskeletal involvement is dominated by non specific arthralgia, polyarthritis, and bony resorption especially acro-osteolysis. The diagnosis of these rheumatic manifestations is generally based on x rays examination. Musculoskeletal involvement in SSc is generally relieved with Non Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAID) or low dose of corticotherapy. The immunosuppressive therapy is used in corticoid-resistant or corticoid-dependent forms such us méthotrexate. The aim of our review is to presents an overview of the different osteoarticular and muscular involvement in SSc, their diagnosis and management.
Nessrine Akasbi*, Fatima Ezzahra Abourazzak and Taoufik Harzy
Sedigheh Mirhashemi1 , Mohammad Hosein Kalantar Motamedi1 *, Amir Hossein Mirhashemi2 and Hamid Reza Rasouli1
We encountered two autopsy cases of huge cardiomegaly with over 1000g in weight. Histochemical characteristics were examined using conventional staining including HE and Azan stains and immunohistochemical staining using antibodies against Complement Component 9 (CC9), RNA Binding Protein Motif 3(RBM3), Endothelial Type NO Synthase (eNOS) and Hypoxic Inducible Factor1α (HIF1). The reactive area with anti CC9 antibody, which presumed to be a marker of hypoxic change of myocardium, overlapped with eosinophilic area by HE and basophilic one by Azan. Although the reactive area with anti CC9 antibody showed relatively weak in the cytoplasm by anti eNOS antibody and no in the nucleus of cardiocytes with anti RBM3 antibody, outside of the reactive area with anti CC9 antibody there were intensive reactivity with anti eNOS antibody in cytoplasm and in a nucleus with anti RBM3 antibody. Anti HIF1 antibody showed weak reactivity with cytoplasm of endocardial cardiocytes and no with cytoplasm of cardiocytes in another area. The results obtained from the present cases revealed that the hypoxic change was equivalent even though the cause of cardiomegaly was deferred between two cases, and conventional staining such as HE and Azan utilized to detect hypoxic change in the heart and immunohistochemical studies seemed to be a useful tool for clarifying the cascade of hypoxic changes in the myocardium.
Satoshi Furukawa1,2*, Mayumi Kataoka1 , Satomu Morita1,2, Akari Uno2 , Masahito Hitosugi2 , Hiroshi Matsumoto1,3 and Katsuji Nishi1,2
A 45-year-old woman with multiple sclerosis was admitted to our hospital after out of hospital cardio-pulmonary resuscitation. The first ECG showed ventricular fibrillation. Following direct current defibrillation and mechanical reanimation, spontaneous circulation was restored and the ECG unremarkable without any signs of ischemia. Coronary angiography showed unobstructed coronary arteries Figure 1, (Panel A). Left ventriculography revealed apical wall obstruction, suggestive of apical aneurysm (Panel B, supplementary videos). Transthoracic echocardiography and Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (CMR) eventually lead to the diagnosis of a rare case of Apical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (AHC) with ace of spades-form (Panel C,D). The patient underwent Cardioverter-Defibrillator Implantation (ICD) and amiodarone medical therapy for secondary prophylaxis. Patient’s family history and screening for HCM were unsuspicious.
Wiedemann S# *, Heidrich FM# , Speiser U and Strasser RH