Urgent Call for Action: Avoiding Spread of MosquitoBorne Diseases as a Major Public Health Problem

For post-weaning growth performance evaluation in Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus), an 8-week trial was conducted in West Cameroon. 59 weaned animals (3 weeks of age) from a breeding trial were used. After identification and weighing, animals were submitted on the same treatment as their mothers. Each animal receives daily between 8 and 9 am, an experimental food corresponding to its group. Animals of TS0 group received Trypsacum laxum and the concentrate with 0% spirulina, while others received in their diets 2% (TS2), 4% (TS4) and 6% (TS6) spirulina. Food refusal was collected and weighed before the new distribution, for feed intake determination. During the growth period, T. laxum, concentrate and nutrients (Dry Matter (DM), Organic Matter (OM), Crude fiber (CF) and Crude Protein (CP)) intake was significantly affected by treatments. Highest animal average weight (407.0g) was obtained with treatment TS2 and the lowest (396.64g) with control (TS0). The same tendency was observed with total (TWG) and daily weight gain (DWG). Thus, the highest TWG and DWG (222.06 g and 6.34 g / day) were obtained in TS2 treatments while the lowest (194.82 g and 5.57 g / day) was obtained with TS0. At 8 weeks regardless of the birth type, highest average weight, total and daily weight gain was obtained with treatment TS6. At the same period for the same parameters, no significant difference was observed between treatments TS0, TS2 and TS4. Based on the result, food intake as animal body weight can be improved by 2% of spirulina in the diet but at 6%, growth performance can be improved mostly for the twin’s births

This study was conducted in Bekwarra Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria, to identify and determine some characteristics of local chickens. A total of 530 adult chickens of both sexes and 111 fresh eggs were carefully examined at seven administrative council wards of the local government. About 43.00% of the birds observed were male while 57.00% were females. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was employed to carry out descriptive statistics on qualitative and quantitative data of identified chicken population in the respective areas.The result showed predominantly pea comb type (38.90%). Eye color was black (44.72%), light-brown (14.91%), dark-brown (12.83%), dark-red (11.30%), orange (11.32%), and pink (1.10%). For plumage colour, 36.23% were classified as black, 20.00% as white, 13.02% as brown, 9.43% as red, 7.93% as multicolored, 3.21% as black-white, 3.02% as grey, 2.45% as grey-white, 2.26% as black-brown, 0.94% as ash-black and 0.57% as ash respectively. Most chickens (31.90%) had yellow shanks, while 19.60%, 18.50%, 11.30%, 6.40%, 5.10%, 3.40%, 3.00%, 0.40%, had white, greenish, milky, ash, dark-ash, pink, red, and light brown respectively. An average live, body circumference, body length, shank, head and neck length were; 1.80kg, 42.7 ± 0.03cm,55.8 ± 0.21cm, 12.20 ± 0.4cm, 5.1 ± 0.03cm, and 8.9 ± 0.5cm. The average egg width, egg length and egg weight were; 5.2 ± 0.03cm, 7.6 ± 0.01cm, 31.6 ± 0.05g with 12 clutch size and 3 clutches per hen per year. The indigenous chicken population in Bekwarra, Nigeria, is mostly black with black eyes, white eggs and yellow shank. There were distinctive differences in almost all the measurable traits parameters examined. These distinctions provide the basis for which they could be classified and improved.

The objective of this article was to briefly review about the most common bacterial and fungal infections in pet animals especially dogs by describing information about the causative agent, clinical signs and symptoms, route of transmission and diagnosis of the infection. In last years, the pet population has increased and the interest in having pets where are became sharing in our daily life in many purposes such as protection, entertainment, hunting and helping their owner, etc... . Thus, the increase of the knowledge and awareness of dog owners regarding these diseases enable them to significantly reduce the occurrence of these infections. Bacterial infections such as Pasteurella, Salmonella, Brucella, Yersinia enterocolitica, Leptospira, Campylobacter, Bordetella bronchiseptica, and Coxiella burnetii, and fungal infections including Aspergillosis, Candidiasis and Dermatophytosis are the most common bacterial and fungal infections affecting dogs

Survey was conducted in Mainahiya Village Development Committee, HarnaiyaVillage Development Committee, TilottamaMunicipality and Devdaha Municipality of Rupandehi district in the year April 2015 in order to study the milk yield and milk parameters in Jersey and Holstein cattle. Total sampling household were 13 and sampling size was 158. The primary data were collected through structure questionnaire and collected information were tabulated in Microsoft excel and SPSS version 16. Different statistical analyses were performed by SPSS version 16 and Mini Tab. Result showed that average milk yield of Holstein10.504±0.620ltr, fat 3.995±0.308%, protein 3.241±0.087% and SNF 8.830±0.208%. The average milk yield of Jersey 8.594±0.631, fat 4.476±0.314, protein 3.400±0.088 and SNF 9.016±0.212 were found. Milk yield was significantly(p<0.01) higher in Holstein breed than jersey and milk yield was significantly (p<0.01) higher in 4thlactation.Experiment showed the insignificant (p>0.01)negative correlation between milk yield and fat(r=-0.120),milk yield and protein (r=-0.49)and milk yield and SNF (r=-0.53)but significant(p<0.01)and positive correlation between fat and protein(r=0.485),fat and SNF(r=0.501) and protein and SNF(r=0.778).

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is one of the most important pathogens of domestic and wild animals and widely distributed virus around the world. It belongs to thegenus Morbillivirus within the Paramyxoviridae family. At least six orders and over 20 families of Mammals are susceptible to this virus. CDV is highly contagious and have high morbidity andmortality in wild and domestic animal populations. Although there is only one serotype of the virus, it has widest host range with a constant threat to the conservation of the multiple endangered species worldwide. The lack of ecoepidemiological information of CDV transmission other than dogs has led to investigate the importance of the infection in a multihost scenario. The ability to jump the species barrier to infect a variety of mammals including primates has made apprehension that it can infect human being in near future. It is the need of the hour to elucidate the transmissionof CDV in different environments, and to have better understanding about the intricate epidemiological dynamics of CDV in multiple hosts. Among the genes of CDV, H gene is preferred for phylogenetic analysis of different genotypes owing it high mutation rate. However, the full genome sequencing would offer better insights about the substitution rates, glycosylations, and homologous recombination points that would explain the pathogenicity, species jump ability and vaccine failure of this virus as well as enable us to explain in detail its evolutionary informations and better understanding about the intricate epidemiological dynamics of CDV in its multiple host infections. This review is aimed to provide an overview about the recent emergence of CDV genotypes in different species of wild animals, pathogenicity and diagnosis so that the disease can be prevented and control in an efficient and effective manner and it impact on the conservation of a galaxy of wild animals and control can be minimized to a great extent.

Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) is one of the most important enteropathogen of dogs emerged in 1978 and manifested by two forms namely gastroenteritis and myocarditis. It is characterized by depression, loss of appetite, vomiting and leukopenia. CPV-2 is probably evolved from a very closely related virus in cats, feline panleukopenia virus (FPLV) or a closely related carnivore parvovirus. It caused high morbidity of 100% and low mortality of 10% in adult dogs and 91% in pups. Over the years a number of variants namely CPV-2a, CPV-2b, CPV-2c, New CPV-2a, New CPV-2b and Asp300 (2a/2b) have been reported from different countries in the world with varying degree of pathogenic potential. Although CPV-2 differ from FPV by 6 amino acids in the VP2 protein, subsequent variants differ from CPV-2 only in one or two places. Further, CPV-2 affects only dogs, new variants expanded their host range to cat as well. There are a number of different serological and molecular tests (PCR, nested PCR, SYBR Green based real time PCR, Taqman based real time PCR, Minor grove binding assay based PCR) available for prompt, specific and accurate diagnosis of the disease. Some molecular tests not only detect the CPV-2 but also identify the variant of CPV-2 involved in disease outbreak. Further, both live attenuated and inactivated vaccines are available to control the disease in animals. Besides, new generation vaccines namely recombinant vaccine, peptide vaccine and DNA vaccine have been developed for control of the disease in canines effectively and efficiently. However, new generation vaccines have not been issued license to be used in the field condition. Again, the presence of maternal antibodies often interferes with the active immunization with live attenuated vaccine and there always exists a window of susceptibility in spite of following proper immunization regimen. Lastly, judicious use of the vaccines in pet dogs, stray dogs and wild canids keeping in mind the new variants of the CPV-2 along with the proper sanitation and disinfection practices must be implemented for the successful control the disease.

Enrichment of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in egg yolk via diets alternationhas been considered worldwide. The concentrations of alpha-linolenic (ALA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) in the yolk can reachup to 250 mg/50 g whole egg. Corn germ meal (CGM), a rich source of ALA, iswidely used for omega-3 enrichment; however, the impact of dietary corn germ source: corn germ oil (CGO) and CGM on fatty acid transfer to egg yolk in laying hens is still a little known. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the transfer of ALA, EPA, and DHA into egg yolk from extracted corn germ oil or corn germ meal. A total of 132 Hy-Line W-36 laying hens (from 25 to 33 wks. old) were randomly housed with 3 birds/cage (4 replicates/treatment) for each of the 11 treatment groups. Diets were isocaloric and consisted of a control diet, 5 corn germ oil diets (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, or 5.0% corn germ oil), and 5 corn germ meal diets (calculated corn germ oil concentration from corn germ meal 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 5.0%). Increasing dietary concentrations of corn germ oil and corngerm meal resulted in increased ALA, EPA, and DHA concentration in egg yolk, total fatty acid deposition from corn germ oil was 2 times greater than that of corn germ meal when fed at the same dietary inclusions (P < 0.01) but EPA and DHA concentrationsin egg yolk were not different due to oil or meal source (P = 0.22); however, increasing dietary inclusion rates of corn germ oil from either source increased yolk EPA and DHA (P < 0.01).Hens fed either corn germ oil or corngerm meal resulted in reduction of BW as dietary concentrations increased (P = 0.02). Feed efficiency increased as corn germ oil increased in concentration, while feeding corn germ meal decreased feed efficiency (P = 0.01). Analysis of the nitrogen corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) of corn germ oil resulted in 7,468 kcal/kg on an as-fed basic. Dietary corn germ oil improved feed efficiency and increased ALA deposition into yolk compared to that of the meal source, demonstrating that corn germ oil to be a viable alternative for ALA egg enrichment.

The species Enterococcus saccharolyticus is rarely occurred and identified. No information exists about this species strain bacteriocin/bioactive/postbiotic potential which could be utilized e.g. for bacterial prevention/protection. Standard microbiological methods as well as PCR analyses were used to basic characterization the strain 3/11D27. To test bacteriocin/ postbiotic potential, agar spot test was conducted and 158 indicator bacteria (147 Gram-positive and 11 Gram-negative). The strain E. saccharolyticus Es 3/11D27 was isolated from the inner part of the auricle mucosa of clinically healthy mare (Slovak breed Norik from Murá?) using sequence analysis. After sequencing, the strain was involved in GenBank with accession number MN822909. This strain has produced bacteriocin substance with inhibitory potential against Gram-positive and Gram-negative indicator bacteria non- depending on the indicator bacteria species. The inhibitory activity reached 100 up to 800 AU/ml. Es 3/11D27 has been also susceptible to antibiotics tested. It has been hemolysis-, deoxyribonuclease- negative with absence of virulence factors genes. Low-grade biofilm-forming ability using the plate assay was found in Es 3/11D27. It is first time presenting horses-derived species strain E. saccharolyticus with bacteriocin activity. Additional studies will be processed to determine detail characteristic of bacteriocin substance produced by the strain Es 3/11D27 with the aim for its further application potential in horses breeding.

Characterization of goat breeds based on morphological trait variations is essential for planning breed improvement programs and conservation strategies. This study aimed to use multiple correspondence analysis to evaluate qualitative morphological traits and identify traits that best describe the morphological structure of Hararghe goats. The results of the study show that there are significant differences in the distribution of some qualitative morphological traits among the three districts (Bedeno, Fedis, and Gorogutu) while others do not show significant differences. The first principal axis explained 15% of the principal inertia, the second principal axis explained 12%, and cumulatively the first two principal axes explained 27% of the principal inertia. The MCA method identified systematic relationships among traits and trait attributes. On the dimensions identified, the sample goat population of Fedis and Gorogutu clustered together with concave head profile, straight horn shape, obliquely upward horn orientation, presence of Toggle, and pigmented Muzzle; while the corresponding values of goats in Bedeno clustered together with the presence of horn, curved and spiral horn shape, backward and lateral horn and ear orientation with slope down from wither, slope up toward rump, and pendulous. These findings provide valuable information for better multivariate characterization and conservation of indigenous goat ecotypes.

Renal insufficiency is difficult to diagnose in the early stages due to delayed clinical presentation and significant blood value changes. However, dysfunction in the kidneys can lead to life-threatening changes in physiology. When renal insufficiency is suspected, it is important to utilize nutrition as a mode of intervention. This case report follows a canine patient aging between 13 to 17, reporting clinical changes and blood renal values after administration of an NSAID and possible escalation of renal burden. The case outlines an example of utilizing integrative veterinary medicine practices including a home cooked diet plan with supplementation to address signs of renal insufficiency and gastric ulceration, resulting in complete resolution of clinical signs including symptoms and blood measures.