Trace minerals plays an essential role to improve production and nutritional efficiency of livestock products. Each trace minerals can have its own and synergistic metabolic/biologic functions on health and performance of chickens. The relationship between trace minerals supplementation and health of animal has been cohesive, especially on the immune function influenced by chromium, an essential element in poultry. The last two decades have seen a high interest of supplementing Cr3+ in poultry diets during stress conditions. This review looks at the nutritional benefits of chromium on the immune function in poultry birds from the aspects of the stressors, histological structure of the immune organs, non-specific immunity, humoral immunity, cellular immunity and cytokines.

Culex (Culex) coronator Dyar and Knab was recorded in three of the 15 municipalities surveyed in Havana province, Cuba. Cx.coronator larvae were found in six different types of breeding sites. At these breeding sites, this mosquito was associated with other species such as Culexnigripalpus, Theobald and Anopheles albimanus, Wiedemann. This represents the first record of Cx. coronator in the Havana province.

An experiment was conducted on 12 male crossbred (Red Sindhi x local, Bos indicus) cattle from 104 to 165 kg of live weight to evaluate the influence of the dietary concentrate-to-forage (C:F) ratio from 1:10, 1:6, 1:4 to 1:3 on their feed intake, Weight Gain (WG), Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), digestible nutrients and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission. A completely randomized block design was used and all data were submitted to analysis of variance and to compare of treatment pairs by Tukey’s test. The animals were fed ad libitum with forage of rice straw combined/no elephant grass and different commercial concentrate level in individual houses for 90 days. The results found that the feed intake, WG, and GHG emission linearly increased with the C:F ratio ranging from 1:10, 1:6, 1:4 to 1:3 while the in vivo Digestible Neutral Detergent Fiber (DNDF) and acid detergent fiber were decreased (P < 0.01). There were no effects (P > 0.05) of the dietary C:F ratio on the in vivo digestible organic matter, digestible crude protein and total digestible nutrients. The in vitro DNDF (P < 0.05) Using Rumen Fluid of Slaughtered Cattle (RFSC) without reagents for the medium was the same in vivo trend (R2 = 0.97, RSD = 0.59). The WG/GHG emission was significantly increased (P < 0.01) up to the C:F ratio of 1:4, but at the C:F ratio of 1:3 slightly had a decreasing trend. It, therefore, was concluded that the dietary C:F ratio of 1:4 was more efficient in fiber utilization and GHG emissive intensity. The in vitro technique using RFSC unknown dietary history without reagents for medium had the potential to be used for predicting the dietary fiber utilization of cattle.

Sugarcane is backbone of Indian agriculture. Commonly, sugarcane is used for production of sugar and during this process a large amount of bagasse is generated. This bagasse is either burnt in the sugar mills for energy requirement or used as landfill. Some sugar mills are also using it for the purpose of electricity generation. However, this lignocellulosic waste could be converted in the value added Single Cell Protein (SCP) after pretreating the substrate with alkali. It was observed that pretreatment with 2% NaOH, increased the reducing sugar (10.81 mg/g) content in the medium. After inoculation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, for five days, increased the mineral content from 2 to more than 9 folds. The SCB in the medium was found to be adequate to support 5.21%, 2.76%, 6.01%, 50.13% and 7.2% production of crude protein, true protein, lipid, crude fiber and crude ash.

The Research was performed to examine the effect of seasonal variation on the milk components in four breeds of cow at Dindigul District, Tamilnadu, India. Four different cow milk samples, Kangayam, Jersey, Red Sindhi, and Holstein Friesian were collected and examined in four different seasons, winter, post monsoon, monsoon and summer periods. No significant variation found in the percentage of water, SNF, and Acidity, pH of four breeds of cow in four different seasons. But the fat and protein content was significantly differ in each season in all experimental breeds of cow. The fat percentage was higher in Kangayam cow in summer season and protein content was higher in Jersey cow in post-monsoon period.