Comparative myoarchitectural anatomical studies were adopted on twelve tongues of apparently health of both adult sexes of cattle, buffalo and camel. The study was aimed to describe the architectural orientation of the extrinsic lingual muscles for each species. As well as statistical data between the tongue and extrinsic lingual muscles. The work declared the properties of potent tongue which allowed the cattle and buffalo to perform their behavioral prehension of food. The study described the extrinsic lingual muscles and spotted a light on the role of the geniohyoid muscle on the tongue. The work concluded that the tongue of cattle was the stronger than the buffalo while both able to depend on their tongue for food prehension. On the other hand the tongue of camel adapted for intraoral function.

A cross sectional study was conducted on 384 sheep at Debre birhan sheep breeding and multiplication farm from November 2018 to April 2019 to determine the prevalence of Monezia expansa infection. Fecal sample from a total of 384 randomly selected sheep of both sexes; different age, different breeds and body conditioned sheep were examined for cestode parasite (Monezia expansa) by using floatation technique. Of the total 384 sheep examined, the prevalence of Monezia expansa infection was found 59.4% (288 of 384). There was statistically significant difference (P<0.05) in the prevalence of infection between the two sexes with prevalence higher in female (66%) than male (51%). Statistically significant difference in the level of prevalence of infection was also recorded among the three breeds of the sheep (awassi, menz and cross-breed sheep) and the highest prevalence (66.7%) was observed in exotic Awassi sheep breed. Different level of prevalence of M. expansa was recorded among sheep of different age groups, and the highest prevalence (70.43%) was observed in sheep greater than or equal to three years. Finally, the result of present study indicated that moneiziasis is prevalent disease of sheep in the present study area so that strategic deworming, changing the type of farming system from semi-intensive to intensive to decrease the intimidate host(orbatid mite) accessibility in the grazing land, proper husbandary and management practices were recommended for the farm.

Study was carried out at the department of Animal Nutrition, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandoiam during the year 2018. Investigation was themed to monitor and assess major nutrients in different camel browse vegetations at Tando Allahyar. Results indicated Haloxylon salicornicum significantly rich and Prosopis cineraria comparatively poor in moisture content however dry matter appeared vice versa. Total organic and inorganic matter in Acacia nilotica, Ziziphus nummularia, Acacia jacquemontii, Prosopis juliflora, Prosopis cineraria, Alhagi maurorum, Capparis deciduas, and Zea mays found significantly different (p?0.05) from Trifolium alexandrinum, Salvadora oleiodes, Suaeda fruticosa, Haloxylon salicornicum and Tamarix passerinoides. Suaeda fruticosa had significantly maximum crude protein concentration. Zea mays had significantly high, Suaeda fruticosa comparatively low extract level. Nitrogen free extract among Acacia nilotica, Prosopis juliflora and Prosopis cineraria existed considerably high. Crude fiber was found significantly higher in Zea mays. Prosopis juliflora and Acacia nilotica acquired prominent concentration of total carbohydrate. Inorganic matter in Haloxylon salicornicum, Tamarix passerinoides, Salvadora oleiodes, Suaeda fruticosa and Trifolium alexandrinum didn’t significantly vary compared to each other, while with other vegetations it significantly varied. Zea mays, Acacia nilotica, Capparis deciduas, Ziziphus nummularia, Prosopis cineraria, Alhagi maurorum, Acacia jacquemontii and Prosopis juliflora appeared significantly different compared to Haloxylon salicornicum , Tamarix passerinoides, Salvadora oleiodes, Suaeda fruticos and Trifolium alexandrinum against ash content. Study concludes that Trifolium alexandrinum noted to be high moistured vegetation, Acacia jacquemontii rich in organic matter and Salvadora oleiodes in total inorganic matter. Capparis deciduas, and Suaeda fruticosa both pertained considerable crude protein contents. Zea mays and Salvadora oleiodes possessed high ether extract.

Growth is an increase in tissue mass. Tissue mass increases by hyperplasia early and hypertrophy later in life, although hyperplasia of adipose tissue continues throughout life. In cattle, certain growth features are controlled by recessive genes which have not so far been controlled, complicating breeding. One such trait is double muscling or abnormal growth of meat animals which causes muscle hypertrophy and thereby increase in animal commercial value. ‘Meat animals’ are animals that furnish meat for human consumption. The growth and development of meat animals depend on several factors like environment, management practices, and genetics. The growth and development of meat animals are largely affected by two important factors. The firs one is genetic factors, which it includes disease resistance, feed conversion efficiency, breed, and abnormal growth rates. The second most important factor is non-genetic in origin and it encompasses factors like nutrition, management, disease control, and environmental conditions. In plant feed animals, environmental factors influence the availability of nutrients. Heat regulation in livestock, especially cattle, is of great economic significance, because mammals attempt to maintain a constant body temperature. Low environmental temperature prolongs animal development, and high temperature also tends to retard it. Therefore, in this review, we will address those factors that greatly hinder the growth, development, and performance of meat animals worldwide.