Purpose: With the aim of proposing an effective and accessible alternative for small ruminant gastrointestinal parasitosis control, the in vitro anthelmintic activity of Euphorbia hirta on Haemonchus contortus biology was evaluated.

Methods: Aqueous extracts were used to determine phytochemistry and for the biological tests of adult worm mortality as well as egg hatching and L3 larval migration inhibition. Aqueous extract concentrations of 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 mg/mL were used for the adult worm mortality test, while concentrations of 0.31, 0.62, 1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/mL were used for the egg hatching and L3 larval migration inhibition tests.

Results: The results show a total polyphenol content of 17.5 mgEAG/100 mg, total flavonoids of 0.24 mgEQ/100 mg and condensed tannins of 0.17 mgEAT/100 mg. Adult worm mortality was concentration dependent, reaching 100% at 50 and 100 mg/mL concentrations, from the sixth hour, with a lethal concentration 50 (LC50 ) of 21.09 mg/mL. The 50% inhibitory concentration of egg hatching (IC50 ) was 1.7 mg/mL, while the IC50 of larval migration recorded was 0.78 mg/mL.

Conclusion: In view of the results obtained, the in vitro anthelminthic activity of the aqueous extract of E hirta was confirmed. However, further biological studies will be needed to validate these results, with a view to their wider use.

Fish breeding and its trade is one of the most attractive and profitable sectors of aquaculture that is developing. Tiger barb fish, which is one of the most beautiful native fishes in Southeast Asia, belongs to the Cyprinidae family and has been kept in aquariums since the past until today due to its beautiful colors and is very popular among aquarium owners. Propagating this species is not very difficult and can be very profitable if the principles are followed. In this study, we will have an overview of tiger barb fish’s biology and reproduction stages.

The protease inhibitors in soy protein, such as trypsin inhibitors and soy antigen proteins, are key endogenous hydrolytic enzymes, protease A1, and peptidases, involved in soybean germination. When the anti trypsin inhibitor is combined with pepsin and trypsin, the former has higher proteolytic enzyme activity and stronger stress resistance, and can degrade animal digestive enzymes instead of being degraded by them. The capsid proteins of various viruses are proteases. After binding to membrane protein receptors, the capsid protein degrades the membrane protein, causing damage to cell integrity and initiating the endocytosis mechanism, or make a crack in the cell membrane. The destroyed membrane protein, including the virus, is internalized to form intracellular vesicles, initiating the virus infection mechanism. A virus is a protease encapsulated by DNA/RNA, which helps DNA/ RNA enter host cells for replication and proliferation. The immune response is an enzymatic reaction that defends against internal proteases with viral proteases, and is a reaction between Ab proteases and Ag proteases, so the antibodies specificity appears to be high. Hormones like insulin works as protease too. Animal protease and virus protease are synthesized in the form of proenzymes. Animals and human beings themselves have almost no diseases. The diseases such as cancer, hypertension, stroke, diabetes and obesity may be caused by universal vaccination. Widespread vaccination leads to excessive activity of antibody proteases in the body, disrupting the normal mechanism of regulating protease levels. If vaccination is stop, as the source of infectious diseases is well controlled, humans will not have mass outbreaks of the above diseases. The article presents some insights into digestive physiology and preventive medicine.