Fetal programming addresses the health impact of exposures in fetal life on diseases that occur later, often much later, in life. Often we delay our observation time until these adult diseases start producing symptoms. Even when studying childhood diseases like Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), we cannot start calculating incidence rates before the children reach a certain age, e.g., 5 years.

Introduction:
Depression is reported as a risk factor for lack of mammography screening. The current study aims at investigating an association between depression and use of mammogram screening among elderly Canadian women.

Method:
This population-based, cross-sectional study utilized the Canadian Community Health Database (CCHS).The samples were from 10 provinces across Canada including 22,662 women aged 40 and above who answered questions on depression, mammography, socio-demographic status, and health-care utilization. The Short-Form of The Composite International Diagnostic Interview identified women with depression; depressed women were defined as those with score ≥ 5.

Results:
Following adjustment for confounders, the odds of reported mammogram were 1.3 (95%CI 1.2-1.5) for depressed compared to non-depressed women. Age was an effect modifier in this relationship between utilizing mammography screening and depression. Moreover, the odds of reported mammography were the highest for 60-69 year old depressed women (AOR 2.9, 95%CI 0.9-8.6), compared with their counterparts in the youngest age group (40-49 years). Having a regular family doctor was strongly associated with reported mammography (OR 2.2, 95%CI 1.9-2.5).

Conclusions:
Depression among elderly women is positively associated with utilization of mammography screening. Longitudinal studies are needed to explore the effect of age as an effect modifier. Further studies can investigate the impact of other competing factors such as anxiety. Reasons for the increased utilization of mammography screening among elderly women should further be explored.

Objectives:
To answer the question, is female genital mutilation has effect on different domains of female QoL (psychological, social, environmental and physiological)?

Patients and methods:
The study included 40 men mutilated females and 160 mutilated females. Our candidates were subjected to two questionnaires: 1-WHO QoL BREF questionnaire. All questions were answered by choosing one of five answers then the answer has a score range from one to five. 2- Sexual quality of life questionnaire. Each female was asked 18 questions about their sexual life. All questions were answered by choosing one of ix answers. Finally, comparing total score with QoL BREF questionnaire.

Results:
Generally, FGM has inverse proportion relationship with QoL. There were significantly different results between type I & type II only in the social domain and in the total score of sexual QoL questionnaire as P values were 0.019, 0.001 respectively. The higher scores were for type I. Also there were significantly different results between Health-Related QoL (HRQOL) and sexual QoL in total score and in two domains (physical and social) a P value for them was 0.053, 0.056 and < 0.001 respectively.

Conclusion:
FGM habit should not be routinely done, and the people should be helped to change these cultural multitudes toward this habit.

Objective:
To assess the accuracy of 5D automated measurements of long bones, three dimensional VOCAL measurement of fetal thigh volume in prediction of fetal weight in comparison to the conventional two dimensional Hadlock formulas.

Methods:
Fifty pregnant women with singleton pregnancy at 37 to 41 weeks of gestation admitted for planned delivery within 48 hours were enrolled. All patients were examined by 2D, 3D VOCAL and 5D long bones for the purpose of estimating the fetal weight. Each technique was performed by the same examiner for all the patients who were blinded to the results of the two other techniques. Results were compared to actual birth weights using a unified weight scale. The accuracy, precision and agreement between the three types of ultrasound were calculated as well the time needed to perform each technique.

Results:
2D estimated fetal weight was significantly less accurate than 3D estimated fetal weight as measured by absolute birth weight estimation error and percent birth estimation error. On the other hand comparing the accuracy of 5D to 3D ultrasound showed a statistical significance in favor of the 5D but the difference was so small to impose a clinical significance in obstetric practice.

Conclusion:
Three dimensional ultrasonographic measurement of fetal thigh volume is more accurate than two dimensional Hadlock formulae in fetal weight estimation in our population. The new 5D automated long bone represent a faster, more convenient and accurate method for assessment of birth weight.

Objective:
The main goal of the present prospective cross sectional study is to compare three ketamine, thiopental and probofol for sedation during In Vitro Fertilization procedures.

Design:
Prospective cross sectional study.

Setting:
Assisted conception center.

Population:
150 patients operated for In Vitro Fertilization procedures from period 1/1/2013 till 1/1/2015 divided into 3 equal groups every one containing 50 patients; group A: (Ketamine 1-2 mg/kg) ; group B: [Thiopental 4-5 mg/kg (5)]; group C: Probofol 1-2 mg/kg (2.5).

Methods:
150 patients operated for In Vitro Fertilization procedures were allocated for comparing the effect of ketamine, thiopental and probofol for sedation during In Vitro Fertilization procedures.

Main outcome measures:
Cleavage rate (rate of good embryo garding+rate of poor embryo grading), implantation rate, pregnancy and abortion. rapid recovery of group C.

Results:
The percentage of fertilization were for group A, B, C respectively (66.66%, 76.92%, 92.30%); the percentage of embryo development were for group A, B, C respectively (50%, 60%, 83.33%); the percentage of cleavage rate were for group A, B, C respectively (66.66%, 76.92%, 92.30%); the percentage of good embryo grading were for group A, B, C respectively (37.50%, 60%, 83.33%); the percentage of pregnancy rate were for group A,B,C respectively (20%, 30%, 50%); the percentage of the implantation rate were for group A, B, C respectively (20%, 30%, 50%); the percentage of abortion rate were for group A, B, C respectively (40%, 26.66%, 20%).

There was no significant difference of number oocyte of M II retrieved. There was significant difference in rapid recovery of group C.

Conclusions:
By comparing the effect of ketamine, thiopental and probofol for sedation during In Vitro Fertilization procedures in this study the propofol show significant difference regarding rapid recovery percentage of fertilization, good embryo grading, embryo development, cleavage rate, pregnancy rate, and implantation rate, with less abortion rate.