Background: We have synthesized silver nanoparticles using fungi. The larvicidal efficacy was noted when performed against all instars of Cx. quinquefasciatus and An. stephensi at six different log concentrations after 24 h of exposures using the probit analysis.

Methods: The nanoparticles have been characterized through Micro-scan reader, X-ray diffractometer, transmission electron microscopy, and further confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. After characterization, these aqueous silver nanoparticles have been tested in 1:1 combinations (Chrysosporium tropicum Ag nanoparticles: Chrysosporium keratinophilum Ag nanoparticles, Chrysosporium tropicum Ag nanoparticles: Fusarium oxysporum Ag nanoparticles, Chrysosporium. tropicum Ag nanoparticles: Aspergillus niger Ag nanoparticles, Chrysosporium tropicum Ag nanoparticles: Verticillium lecanii Ag nanoparticles, Fusarium oxysporum Ag nanoparticles: Chrysosporium keratinophilum Ag nanoparticles, Fusarium oxysporum Ag nanoparticles: Aspergillus niger Ag nanoparticles, Fusarium oxysporum Ag nanoparticles: Verticillium lecanii Ag nanoparticles, Aspergillus niger Ag nanoparticles: Verticillium lecanii Ag nanoparticles, Aspergillus niger Ag nanoparticles: Chrysosporium keratinophilum Ag nanoparticles, and Verticillium lecanii Ag nanoparticles: Chrysosporium keratinophilum Ag nanoparticles, respectively). These combinations have also been tested as larvicides against the larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles stephensi.

Results: The all larval stages of Cx. quinquefasciatus were found more susceptible to the combinations than the An. stephensi.

Conclusion: The results suggest that this could be a useful tool for mosquito control.

Melanoma skin cancer is an aggressive tumour with an increasing incidence. In recent years, the treatment options for the advanced disease have expanded dramatically with the employment of targeted therapy and the immunotherapy. However, the high rate of non-response, the toxicity, and the induced drug resistance remain unmet clinical problems. Scientists are expecting a further advance with the application of nanotechnology in melanoma treatment and diagnosis. In this review, we present an up-date on the latest pre-clinical studies (2015- 2016) on nanomedicine with potential use in the clinical management of this disease.

Human skin is the largest and most remarkable organ of the body, consisting of an integrated, stretchable network of sensors that relay information about tactile and thermal stimuli to the peripheral nervous system. It then compiles and transduces this information to the brain, which in turn sends new information back to the organs and tissues to execute responses such as biomolecule delivery (e.g. in liver, pancreas,…) or muscular action.