SARS-COV-2 can contribute to long term consequences associated with sepsis and circulatory dysfunction. In this insightful paper, we highlight the emerging pathophysiology utilizing two case examples. Both systemic and organ specific features are discussed. In addition, a novel laboratory assay is presented that identified SARS-COV-2 in the circulation using conserved SARS ion channels rather than the spike protein. The presentation is linked to the pathophysiology with the emphasis for early recognition and continued research. This paper will serve as a catalyst for continued discovery.

Objective: The present study aims to show the effects of Resveratrol (RV) on behavioural recovery in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease (PD) model through anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

Methods: For our Parkinson’s disease model we injected mice with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). To track the behavioural performance of the mice we used pole test and traction tests. The levels of expression of Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) and a-synuclein (a-syn) in the substantia nigra of the mice were determined by immunohistochemistry. The expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and MyD88 protein in the substantia nigra pars compacta were detected using western blotting, and the levels of proinflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 were determined by ELISA.

Results: Treatment with RV resulted in improved motor function of PD mice. Such behavioural effects were accompanied with lower levels of TLR4 and MyD88 protein expression, and reduced concentration of proinflammatory cytokines in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Finally, RV treatment increased the level of expression of TH while decreasing the expression level of a-syn in the substantia nigra.

Conclusion: These findings indicate that RV can attenuate inflammatory responses by suppressing the TKR4/MyD88 signalling pathway, which coincides with better behavioural performance.

Significance: The improved behavioural function and decreased activity of the inflammatory pathways may open the ways for better treatments for people with PD.