Tacrolimus is widely used in clinic for the treatment of anti-rejection in liver or kidney transplant patients. It is characterized by narrow therapeutic range and great individual variation. Moreover, the complexity of interactions between tacrolimus and other drugs and the particularity of disease in patients with different physiological state seriously affect the blood concentrations of tacrolimus. Factors investigated that might influence the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus included postoperative days, age, height, body weight, race, hematocrit, type of graft, hepatic function, renal function, drug interaction and genetic polymorphisms. The aim of this review is to critically analyze the effects of different factors on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in liver transplantation patients.

Core Tip: To achieve a steady target concentration of tacrolimus is essential for liver transplant patients. In clinic, we should not only focus on the concentration of therapeutic drug monitoring results, but also pay attention to the influences of other factors on the concentration of tacrolimus

The present study was designed to evaluate the in-vitro Antioxidant activity on Sap of Borassus flabellifer. The various parts of the Plant such as leaves, seeds, bark, berries, Sap, roots, or flowers are extensively used for their medicinal property. Similarly, we found Sap of Borassus flabellifer exhibiting certain medicinal property. We performed in vitro Antioxidant activities on Sap of Borassus flabellifer in four different volumes (1ml Sap + 0ml Water, 1ml Sap + 1ml Water, 0.5ml Sap + 1ml Water, 0.25ml Sap + 1ml Water) by methods such as Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, Nitric oxide scavenging activity and Lipid per oxidation inhibitory activity, compared with standard drug ascorbic acid dissolved in methanol solvent. The experiment was conducted and the results thus obtained showed that Sap of Borassus flabellifer exhibited significant Antioxidant activity.

A person may refrain of defecating because he feels shy in a strange house. And there are people who are anxious to defecate whenever possible, because they think it is good for them