Background: Analysis of prostatic growth has focused on the whole gland volume. However there are distinct zones which grow at different rates which can be further divided into acini and stroma.

Objective: Measuring the principal sub-zones of the gland and taking into account their intrinsic asymmetry of glandular acina density, one can develop the prostatocrit model, similar to the haematocrit. This generates four new zones which better define the differential growth of the gland. This has implications for benign and malignant glands, response to drugs and need for surgery.

Design, setting, participants: Retrospective data was collected from 409 men undergoing TRUS and biopsy in a district general hospital. Whole gland and zonal volumes were recorded along with IPSS scores. Rates of growth for conventional and prostatocrit volumes were compared using univariate analysis. The relative amount of PSA secretion per zone was estimated using the model. The PSA densities and ratio of zone to whole gland were plotted. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Univariate analysis to measure slopes of rate of growths of zones and relation to PSA. Multivariate analysis was used to find significant predictors of PSA secretion. IPSS scores of whole gland and zones.

Results and limitations: Age (P<0.0001) and the transition zone stromal volume (P = 0.0001) were the only significant factors for PSA secretion. None of the conventional volumes were included in the model. Limitations include 1) TRUS estimations are probably inferior to MRI. 2) Some negative biopsies will prove to have missed cancer.

Patient summary: This new prostatocrit model is consistent with known gross and microscopic anatomical differences in the gland. It potentially reveals a more logical, intuitive and easily measured account of the zonal and sub-zonal growth patterns.

Metanephric Adenoma is a rarely observed benign-character renal tumor. Most of the time insufficiencies in preoperative evaluations lead to unnecessary surgical intervention which makes these metanephric adenomas important from the point of view of clinicians. Histopathologically, differential diagnosis of this tumor generally includes papillary cell renal carcinoma and Wilm’s Tumor. Radiologically there are a limited number of studies related to metanephric adenoma. Though metanephric adenoma is a benign mass, patients follow-up should be carefully undertaken. We present a 67-year old female patient with metanephric adenoma treated with robotassisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in a solitary kidney.

Background: Early diagnosis of Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is important. Delayed diagnosis and management of UTI can result in renal damage. Specific biomarkers are needed to allow earlier diagnosis of UTI. Therefore, we aimed to test whether serum galectin-3 can be used as a biomarker in diagnosis of UTI in childhood.

Method: The study group consisted of 30 children with UTI and 30 controls. Serum galectin-3, NGAL, IL-6 and acute phase reactants were measured.

Results: Serum neutrophil (p=0.01), serum NGAL (p=0.03) and serum galectin-3 (147.5±62.1 vs. 111.3±56.8, p=0.022) were significantly higher in the patient group. Eight (26.6%) of the patients had upper UTI, and 22 (73.3%) of them had lower UTI. Serum neutrophil (p=0.001), CRP (p=0.001), IL-6 (p=0.01) and galectin-3 (185.3±60.7 vs. 133.9±58, p=0.02) were significantly higher in patients with upper UTI. There was a significant positive correlation between serum galectin-3 level and IL-6 (r=0.57, p=0.001), NGAL (r=0.68,p=0.001) and CRP (r=0.4, p=0.02). Serum galectin-3 positivity was influenced by CRP (r2 =0.14, p=0.01), IL-6 (r²=0.5, p<0.001) and NGAL (r²=0.88, p<0.001) as well as fever (OR:7.7, p=0.04) and vomiting (OR:48.1, p=0.02). Serum galectin-3 can diagnose lower UTI at 130 pg/ml cut-off value (p=0.02).The sensitivity and negative predictive value of galectin-3 was higher in the upper UTI (87% and 93,7%, respectively).

Conclusions: Serum galectin-3 can be used an alternative method for diagnosis and discriminating type of UTI