A cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of bovine cysticercosis in cattle slaughtered at Dale Wabera municipal abattoir was conducted from June to October, 2016. A total of 384 randomly selected male cattle were examined during antemortem and postmortem inspections and a total prevalence of bovine cysticercosis was recorded as 25 (6.5%). The prevalence rates of Taenia saginata cysticercosis were 2.1%, 2.6% and 1.8%, respectively, in animals with poor, medium and good body conditions. The distributions of the cysts in cattle of highland and lowland areas were calculated and found to be 2.9% and 3.6%, respectively. The prevalence of C. bovis was also assessed based on different age groups of the cattle and it were found as 4.2% and 2.3% for cattle less than five years and for equal to or greater than five years respectively. There is no statistically significant difference (P>0.05) in the prevalence of cysticercosis between the different groups of origins, age and body conditions of the study animals. However, the differences in distribution of the cysts in different internal organs/tissues of the animals were statistically significant (P<0.05). The triceps muscles, masseter muscles, tongue, heart muscles and liver were the main predilection sites of the cysts in decreasing order as it was in triceps muscles (3.4%), masseter muscles (1.6%), tongue (0.7%), heart muscles (0.5%) and liver (0.2%). To conclude, the current study revealed the presence of high prevalence of T. saginata metacestodes in the major edible organs/tissues of the slaughtered cattle. Therefore, sufficient emphasis should be given to this problem by awareness creation for people not to consume raw meat and to use latrine to decrease the contamination of grazing areas. Additionally, it is important to do further study so as to improve health, quality and quantity of beef that may satisfy the domestic requirements of the country.

Two types of wood were investigated; Mahogany (Mellicae) and Bamboo (Mycapella) to smoke African catfish (Clarias gariapenus). The Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the experimental fish were extracted using solvents and Ultrasonication and were analyzed for 16 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet diode detector. There was no significant difference between the two woods investigated (p>0.05). From the analysis, the result showed that some of the toxic and dangerous PAHs (Benzo (a) Pyrene, Benzo (a) Anthracene, Benzo: (b) Fluoranthene and Benzo (g, h, i) Pyrene.) was Not Detected (ND) in both wood-smoked fish. Mahogany (Mellicae) and Bamboo (Mycapella) used in smoked fish are not detrimental to humans. The total level of PAHs in Mahogany was 1320.9µg/kg while the total level of PAHs in Bamboo is 2058.1µg/kg. It can be concluded that the use of Bamboo and Mahogany for the purpose of smoking Fish is recommended as both wood do not contain high level of PAHs.

The aim of the presented study was an estimation of zinc bioavailability derived from amino acid chelate with glycine, lysine and methionine in growing lambs. 20 lambs at age about 10 weeks and average body weight of 20 kg were randomly divided into 4 groups. Control contain basal diet and 40mg/kg ZnSO4 DM. the 2nd,3rd and 4th groups contain basal diets and 40mg/kg Zn glycine chelate, 40mg/kg Zn lysine chelate and 40mg/kg Zn methionine chelate, respectively. At the end of the experiment, average body weight of lambs fed zinc methionine chelate showed significant improvements than control, zinc lysine and glycine chelate. The blood samples were taken, in tissue samples from liver, kidney and pancreas the content of zinc was determined. Absorption and retention of zinc were higher (p<0.05) in lambs receiving amino acid chelate (glycine, lysine and methionine chelate) than control (ZnSO4 ). The higher content of zinc in soft and hard tissue of lambs which received organic form of zinc might indicate better assimilation and bioavailability of zinc than sulphate form. Among tested organic forms of zinc, the zinc methionine complex was characterized as having the most advantageous property.

Background: Plant based remedies were commonly used to cover the healthcare demand of the livestock population in Ethiopia. However, the medicinal plants and the associated ethnoveterinary practices were not studied and documented to a prominent level in Ethiopia. Hence, this study was initiated to identify and document the medicinal plants used in the management of livestock diseases in Enarj Enawga District, Amhara Region, Ethiopia.

Results: Ethnobotanical data were collected from February 1 to October 31, 2016 using semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and field observations. Overall, 34 medicinal plant species belonging to 32 genera and 23 botanical families were documented. Solanaceae, the most dominant plant family, was represented by six species (17.65%). The majority of the medicinal plants belong to the herb (44.44%) and shrub (35.29%) categories and most of them were cultivated from the wild (52.94%) habitats. Roots (42.11%) and leaves (31.581%) were the most frequently used plant parts for the preparation of remedies. Oral (66.66%) was the principal route of remedy administration followed by dermal (15.75%) and ophthalmic (8.77%). The study also revealed Calotropic procera as the most preferred medicinal plant species for treating swelling in the District.

Conclusion: This study documented the most commonly used medicinal plant species to treat different livestock ailments in Enarj Enawga District. The majority of the recorded medicinal plants was shown to have high fidelity level (FL) and should be considered for further phytochemical and pharmacological investigations.

Whey is the liquid residue of cheese and casein production and it is one of the biggest reservoirs of food protein still remaining largely outside human consumption channels. The studies on whey based RTS beverages from fruit extract were carried out at Department of Dairy science of Mahatma Basweshwar Mahavidyalaya, Latur. The whey based Ready To Serve (RTS) beverage is prepared by using Grape fruit extract juice with different levels of grape juice in which sugar was added and composition of whey is decreased by increasing the content of grape fruit extract juice on the basis of whey in the treatment T1, T2 and T3 respectively. Control treatment (T0) was the whey. Sensory evaluation was carried out by panelists on the basis of 9 point hedonic scale. The result is compared between the treatments T1, T2 and T3 for overall acceptability.

The aim of this research is to find out the influence of Nettle Leaves Extract (NLE) powder on the growth performance and immune response in broiler chickens. A total of 400 day old chicks (ROOS-308) were used. Treatments included basal diet (control), control+0.15% NLE, control+0.20% NLE, control+0.25% NLE and control+0.6% flavomycine (positive control) replicated 4 times each. Body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were recorded weekly. Blood samples were collected from 4 birds in each treatment at the age of 36 day (a week after last Newcastle vaccination) for antibody determination and hematological parameters and white blood cell differential count. Cutaneous Basophil Hypersensitivity (CBH) response was used to measure the cell mediated immunity at the age of 28 days. Results showed that feed conversion ration were significantly better in NLE treated diets in any of rearing periods and less feed intake particularly in younger age (1-14 d). No positive immune response was seen by NLE levels except the basophil ratio increased by NLE diets. Red blood cells concentration increased significantly by NLE fortification as compared with control. Different levels of NLE caused significantly different hemoglobin and hematocrit values. Finally it is concluded that NLE has a strong growth promoting ability and has potential to impact on the hemoglobin and hematocrit.

Prolonged diet alternation is thought to be having relation with the gastrointestinal health of the individual. Even the psychology of the individual is directly co-related with the food habit bowel movement and disease condition of the gastrointestinal tract. The drastic and fluctuating bowel movement due to an imbalance between probiotics (natural flora) and wear and tear of intestine makes an important contribution to colorectal cancer (CRC) risk.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the liquefaction time of semen, optimal cryoprotectant level in extender for cryopreservation of camel spermatozoa and subsequent in-vivo fertility for large scale application of assisted reproductive techniques. Two experiments were performed to meet the objectives of the study. In experiment I, semen samples of individual bulls (n=3) were divided for dilution in one of the three experimental extenders to evaluate the liquefaction process. In experiment II, semen samples of individual bulls (n=3) were divided for dilution in one of the three experimental extenders with variable glycerol concentrations to improve the post-thaw sperm quality and fertility. Liquefaction time, motility, live sperm, plasma membrane integrity and normal apical ridge varied significantly due to extender and bull. Sperm quality parameters were improved (P<0.05) with increase in glycerol concentration (7%) as cryoprotectant. Thirteen camels carried to full term pegnancy with semen frozen in extender with 7% glycerol. To date, four camels have delivered healthy calves and remaining are awaited for it. It is concluded that dilution of camel semen with Tris based extenders accelerates the process of liquefaction with improved sperm structures and functions. Supplementation of Tris based extender with 7% glycerol preserves the post-thaw quality and fertility of camel bull spermatozoa. Moreover, the fertility results of present study are very encouraging for the large scale application of assisted reproductive techniques in camelids.

The causes of almost all Feline inflammatory liver diseases have not been determined yet, but it is suspected that infectious agents or immune mechanisms may underlie the inflammatory response. In experimental liver disease models, methionine metabolites such as S-adenosyl-methionine have shown considerable hepatoprotective effects. Also Silybum marianum is considered to have hepatoprotective and antioxidant functions. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of fermented methionine associated with Silibinin in adult domestic cats affected by neutrophilic cholangitis. Twenty cats with neutrophilic cholangitis were enrolled in the study. Ten cats were daily orally administered with a formulation based on fermented methionine and Silybum marianum. Ten cats, served as control. Hematochemical, biochemical and oxidative stress parameters were evaluated at 0, 15, 30, 60 and 90 days. Leukocyte, Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) and Alanine AminoTransferase (ALT) were lower (p<0.05) in T group than C group at day 90. Bilirubin, GammaGlutamyl Transferase (GGT) at days 30 and 90 were lower (p<0.05) in treated group than control group. In group T, ALT, AST and reactive oxygen metabolite derivatives values significantly decreased at day 90 (P<0.05) compared to T0. In the same group biological antioxidant potential levels significantly increase at the end of the treatment (P<0.05). These findings suggest that the formulation based on fermented methionine and Silibinin has two relevant effects on the defence of hepatocytes in cats with neutrophilic cholangitis, specifically, it acts against oxidative stress and inflammation. Further investigations are ongoing to confirm these preliminary results.

A cross-sectional study was conducted from June, 2017 to February, 2018 with the aim of determining the prevalence of bovine fasciolosis and assessing its associated risk factors in Haranfama municipal abattoir, Girja district, South-Eastern Ethiopia. A postmortem examination was used as a diagnostic tool for this research to detect any adult liver fluke found in the bile ducts of the slaughtered cattle. Parasites were identified into species level by using standard parasitological techniques. A total of 384 randomly selected indigenous and cross breed cattle slaughtered during the study period were examined and 321 (83.6%) of them were found to be positive for one or both of the fasciola species. Fasciola hepatica was the most prevalent species with the prevalence rate of 31.8% (122), followed by F. gigantica and mixed infections with the prevalence rates of 29.2% (112) and 22.6% (87), respectively. There was statistically significant difference (P<0.05) among the different species of fasciola in the positive animals. In this study, different variables or associated risk factors such as breed, body condition, origin, sex and age of the study animals were considered. There were no statistically significant differences (P>0.05) in the prevalence of the parasite among those associated risk factors. Finally, in the present study higher prevalence of bovine fasciolosis was obtained when compared with the prevalences reported by different researchers at different areas of the country. Therefore, strictly different measures should be practiced in the study area to control the parasite and thereby it is possible to avoid its negative impacts in the animals.

The study was made to assess the growth performance of broilers supplemented with Madre de Agua (T. gigantea), Malunggay (M. oleifera) and Pinto Peanut (A. pintoi) leaf meals. Seventy-two (72) male Cobb broilers randomly assigned to four treatments and replicated six times with three birds per replication laid out in a Completely Randomized Design set-up. Data gathered were subjected to one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using Statistical Tool for Agricultural Research (STAR) 2.0.1 and treatment means compared using Least Significant Difference (LSD) Test. The inclusion of 10% leaf meal into the starter and grower rations commenced on the 3rd week until five weeks old. From day 1 to day 14 of the brooding stage, broilers were given chick booster, which gradually shifted to treatment diets from day 15 to 21. The 10% Malunggay Leaf Meal (MLM) inclusion showed significantly (p<0.01) lower average feed intake. The control with commercial ration alone consistently displayed highest feed intake. Higher (p<0.05) ADG was noted on commercial ration, and lowest ADG on 10% Arachis Leaf Meal (ALM). Better (p<0.05) average FCE on commercial ration than rations with leaf meals. Heavier (p<0.05) fasted live weight and dressed weight on commercial ration but dressing percentage was not significant. Relatively lower (p<0.01) feed cost, but lower (p<0.05) ROI on rations with leaf meals.

Supplementation of leaf meals from different plant sources at 10% level of inclusion reduced feed cost; however, it could not offset the higher gain in weight on commercial ration that resulted to significantly Higher Return on Investment (ROI).

We conducted a study to evaluate the effects of dietary protein and fat levels, while maintaining appropriate levels of lysine and protein for nutrition, on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality in finishing pigs. Crossbred pigs (n = 32) were assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of four dietary treatments: two protein levels (20% vs. 23%) and two fat levels (approximately, 2.5% vs. 6.2%). The examined diets were filled lysine content for finishing pigs. Each diet had similar digestible energy content. Average daily gain was not affected by dietary protein levels. No significant differences were observed in carcass characteristics. Intramuscular fat content in the longissimus dorsi muscle increased with higher dietary protein and the moisture and shear force were decreased. Most measurements of meat quality except for fat quality were not significantly affected by dietary fat. Our study indicates that intramuscular fat and marbling increase with increased dietary protein (assuming the diet contains sufficient lysine according to the feed standard), without having an adverse effect on the growth performance of finishing pigs and that intramuscular fat was affected little by dietary fat level.

Background: Several factors could affect physiologic and blood biochemical variables in laboratory animals. Bearing this in mind, it is recommended to characterize the animal´s variables in each laboratory. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of diabetes and gestation on blood biochemical variables in Wistar rats.

Methodology: Female Wistar rats were randomly separated in four groups (healthy non-pregnant, diabetic, healthy mid gestation and final gestation period). Blood concentration of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, uric acid, total proteins and albumin were determined. Statistic studies were performed using t-test and ANOVA with Bonferroni test for those with normal distribution or Mann-Withney U and Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn test for those without normal distribution; significant differences were considered with p<0.05.

Results: Blood concentration of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine and uric acid were significantly higher in diabetic rats compared with healthy non-pregnant rats. Healthy pregnant rats presented significantly bigger concentrations of triacylglycerols and minors of total proteins and albumin than the not have gotten pregnant.

Conclusions: Diabetes and gestation induces modifications in blood biochemical variables in consonance the metabolic changes characteristics of this states and the renal damage caused by diabetes.

A case study of Teuscher investment project in Rwanda was undertaken to examine the adoption of the Supply Chain Management on the project profitability. The study design included use of pre-tested questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussions, and questionnaires administered to the selected respondents through drop and pick-later technique in a period of six months. A sample size of 50 respondents was drawn from the sample frame using simple random sampling technique. Data were entered in SPSS statistic version 16 and then analyzed using descriptive statistics that included frequencies, tables, charts and histograms. Levels of statistical significance were determined using chi square. Despite all the interventions, in Rwanda today, there is limited information/data available on the effect of supply chain on product profitability, up-to-date information on challenges and if it serves as a driving force for agriculture project to be more profitable in international market. The result indicated that majority (64%) of the respondents were male, 36% were female while 54% of the respondents were degree holders, 24% diploma, 6% postgraduate and 16% certificate and below. This difference may be due to the nature and employment policy of the work which involves dealing with machines, skills, knowledge and carrying heavy loads which females and persons with low levels of education may not prefer doing or being employed in. Most of respondents (46%) were from production department, 52% worked with the company between 1-5years implying that they have worked for a reasonable period to know about supply chain management, coffee production and business profitability. On supply chain management systems 76% of the respondents agreed that was used in Teuscher Investment, 84% agreed its contribution to the profitability of a company with 28% selected ERP system as very efficient 44% it reduces the chances of human error, shorter planning times and faster inventory turnover. There was a strong positive correlation between supply chain management and profitability (r = 0.914* and significant level = 0.01) meaning that when supply chain management is effective profits will increase. In conclusion SCM system used in Teuscher Investment is ERP system that was an effective realistic and flexible SCM system and had significant benefit for any business when implemented well the main challenges were maintenance, implementation costs and selected training costs. Teuscher Investment should try and improve on supply chain management to meet its set vision, mission and objectives, respond quickly to changes in demand and determine accurate customer delivery dates, partnerships and reduction of long supply chains, putting suggestion boxes for the organization and do more networking and advertising of their products.

The aim of this study is to know the normal movement of the masticatory muscle in sheep. Through estimated values of the physical characteristics of the masticatory muscles. Fifteen heads of sheep (Mean ± SD age: 18 ± 4 month) of both sexes were comprised in this work. Linear measurements of the three types of masticatory muscles were conducted on slaughtered sheep heads. The Physiological Cross- Sectional Area (PCSA), maximal isometric force, torque and kinetic energy were calculated. The Physiological Cross- Sectional Area (PCSA) was 5.08, 3.1 and 6 cm² for the closed, opening and unilateral groups respectively. The maximal isometric force for those muscles was 10.2, 6.2 and 12 cm², respectively. The force of those groups was 5.8, 1.96 and 1.96 N, respectively. The torque of those muscles was 0,588, 0.196 and 5.92 Nm, respectively. While the kinetic energy of the jaw-closed group was 90 Joule, that of the jaw-opening group was 30 Joule while the kinetic energy of the jaw-unilateral group was 40 Joule. This study was done via comparison of the physical characterizes values such as PCSA, force, maximum isometric force, torque and kinetic energy between three different groups of the closed ,opening and unilateral groups. This is suggested to be due to the increased activity of the jaw-masticatory muscles.

As part of its efforts to propel the country in to a middle-income economy through improvement of several programs, the Government of Rwanda (GoR) has put in place incentives for dairy intensification. However, despite these initiatives there has been limited follow up on their impacts on the production systems thereby making the planning of further interventions very difficult. A Study was to establish the status of dairying, identify challenges and recommend improvements. Pre-tested questionnaires were administered to 2,089 farmers, selected farmers by multi-stage sampling procedure on sectors and cells levels. Sample size was established basing on the procedure of Krejce and Morgan 1970, analyzed in SPSS 16. The majority of households had five to seven members. Natural breeding predominated with 57% compared to Artificial Insemination (AI) at 25%. Zero grazing was predominant in Gatsibo at 60%, fenced farms predominated in Nyagatare at 65%. Communal grazing has greatly declined with exception of Kayonza at 10%. Crop residues and salt were the predominant modes of supplementary feeding at 42%. Nyagatare District showed advance in supplementary feeding at 21% than Gatsibo 18%, Kayonza District with 5%. Rice bran was still minimally used despite being abundant in the area. Industrial dairy meals were not used. Farmers reported shortage of water, East coast fever; followed trypanasomiasis were mainly reported in Nyagatare and Gatsibo Districts. There is a need for training farmers in diary nutrition, scaling up AI services, water sources and control of vector born diseases and strengthening dairy cooperatives for efficient milk production and marketing.

The study was conducted to investigate the phenotypic and genetic parameters of growth traits of Red Chittagong Cattle (RCC). The least squares mean of Birth Weight (BW) of RCC calves was 13.2±0.39 kg. Sex had significant effect on BW of calves but season, year and sire did not have any effect on the trait. The overall mean weaning weight (WW) of RCC calves was 48.3±1.86 kg having no significant influence for any of those factors. The overall mean Pre-Weaning Daily Weight Gain (WDG) of RCC calves was 166.5±2.47 g/day having only significant effect for year of birth, where early year born calves seemed to gain higher weight than that of later born calves. The heritability of growth traits was medium to high ranging from 0.62±0.08 to 0.91±0.04. The phenotypic and genetic correlations of BW with WW and WDG were 0.32±0.01 and 0.34±0.06 and 0.09±0.01 and 0.22±0.07, respectively. Birth weight had highly significant (p<0.01) phenotypic correlations with WW, but not with WDG. The phenotypic and genetic correlations between WW and WDG were 0.61±0.1 and 0.62±0.03, respectively. The WW had highly significant (p<0.01) and positive phenotypic correlation with WDG. Considering the performance potential of RCC both in in-situ and ex-situ through community farmers’ participatory approaches there may be chance of improvement of genetic potentiality of RCC as indicated by their phenotypic variations and genetic parameters.

A trail was carried out to investigate the effects of the incorporation of rubber seed meal as sources of plant protein on the performance, feed intake and the carcass of poultry birds from day-old chicks to 12 weeks under traditional system of management. Unsexed 300 Jupiter chickens were randomly divided into 4 groups each of 75 birds. Four diets representing different levels of Rubber Seed Meal (RSM) and Blood Meal (BM):- R0 with 0% RSM and 0% BM; R10 with 10% RSM and 8% BM; R20 with 20% RSM and 6% BM and R30 with 30% RSM and 4% BM were fed ad libitum throughout the experimental period. Results showed significant differences between treatments indicating the superiority of the diet supplemented with 30% RSM and 4% BM.

The records of 1003 crossbred cattle sired by 68 bulls were analyzed to estimate breeding values of sires using Wombat sire evaluation method. The average breeding value for age at first calving in crossbred bulls was found to be 1198.26 days by Wombat method. The estimated overall average breeding value of sires by Wombat method for first lactation milk yield was found to be 2766.27 kg. The average breeding value of sires by Wombat method for first lactation period in crossbred bulls was found to be 324.58 days. The average breeding value of sires by Wombat method for first dry period in crossbred bulls was found to be 106.00 days. The average breeding value of sires by Wombat method for first calving interval in crossbred bulls was found to be 430.95 days. The average breeding value of sires by Wombat method for first service period in crossbred bulls was found to be 166.28 days. Average breeding value by Wombat method for life time milk yield in crossbred bulls was found to be 10305.59 kg. The estimated overall average breeding value of sires by Wombat method for life time lactation length was found to be 1102.99days. The estimated breeding values of sire’s estimates for first lactation and life time traits showed small genetic variation as estimated by Wombat method.

The simple correlations among all first lactation and life time traits estimated by the wombat method of sire evaluation were ranged from (-0.108 to 0.935) very low to very high.

However, the rank of sires for different sire evaluation methods revealed that 4-5% of top sires almost had similar rank for all the traits.

Gallidermin is a polypeptide-antimicrobial substance of proteinaceous character which belongs to lantibiotic bacteriocins. Broiler rabbits represent a very useful model animal but they also possess tastive meat. After weaning, they are most sensitive to different bacterial infection. Effect of gallidermin has never been tested in animals/rabbits; therefore our testing and results achieved have a novelty character. Forty-eight rabbits, aged 35 days, after weaning, both sexes were divided in the experimental group (E) and the control group (C); 24 animals in each group. Rabbits, meat line M91 fed a commercial granulated diet for growing rabbits. Rabbits in E group received gallidermin (a dose 5 µl-concentration 0.5 mg/ml) per animal/day for 21 days (from day 0/1) in drinking water. Rabbits in C group administered only commercial diet. Experiment lasted 42 days. At day 21, significant reduction of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) was noted in faeces of E group (p < 0.05), coliforms were also reduced. In caecum were significantly decreased enterococci, lactic acid bacteria, CoNS, Pseudomonas spp., coliforms at day 21 (p < 0.001, p < 0.05). Reduction of coliforms was also noted in the appendix. At day 42, significant increase in phagocytic activity was noted in E group compared to rabbits in C group (p < 0.001). The others parameters were not negatively influenced.

This study aimed at comparing the genetic variation levels of two Egyptian (Fayoumi and Dandrawi) and two Saudi chicken lines (Hajar1 and Hajar2), with commercial broiler and layer chicken breeds. RAPD-PCR analysis, using 15 random primers, was used. 10 primers only were subjected to data analysis due to their productivity. The total number of amplified bands was 3967 on 123 loci. The percentage of polymorphic loci was averaged 34.56% and was the highest in Fayoumi, Dandrawi and layer (37.4%) and the lowest in broilers (26%). The average number of detected alleles was 1.173. However, the effective number of alleles averaged 1.238. The average of within-breed genetic variability estimates ranged between 0.135 in broilers to 0.229 in Fayoumi chickens. The Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) indicated that the six breeds were significantly different from each other. The phylogenic analysis revealed that the two Saudi breeds were too close to each other, although they are not in the same cluster. Also, all local breeds were close to the meat-type than the egg-type commercial breed.

Liver fibrosis is the final common stage of the most chronic liver diseases; it is caused by several factors which lead to a major worldwide health care burden. Over the decades, the understanding of the liver fibrosis disease was growing rapidly, several studies reported that this progress could be regressed or reversed, which give us a bright prospect in developing anti-fibrotic therapies.

In this experiment, liver fibrosis was fully developed after CCl4 induction for 7 weeks in eight animals. Clinical pathologic parameters, four indicators of hepatic fibrosis in monkey showed similarly changes in human. All animals had liver fibrosis after 1.5 months of CCl4 induction, and liver fibrosis still existed after 9 months recovery periods, the fibrosis stages in most animals had no obvious regression without treatment. Biomathematical analysis of the liver fibrosis would aid to utilize the anti-fibrotic therapies and their derivatives for various biomedical applications.

The dystocia in animals is an important cause of economic loss in livestock. One of the reasons for the dystocia is fetal monosters. The present case describes the syndrome which called dichephalus monster. From the clinical point of view the foetus was a fully developed calf with two complete heads, four eyes, four ears, two oral cavities, a single thorax and abdomen, two fore and two hind limb. The incidence of dicephalus in Egyptian buffalo-cows reported as 0.552 % from all cases of dystocia from 2007-2016 which represented into clinical veterinary hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt. This case caused dystocia in Egyptian cow which solved by cesarean section.

Eight weeks feeding trials were conducted to determine the effect of substituting maize with biscuit waste meal on the hematology and serum biochemical indices of 90-day old Hubbard starter broiler birds. Three experimental starter and finisher diets were formulated with diet 1 as control containing 0% Biscuit Waste Meal (BWM), while diets 2 and 3 contained BWM at 50 and 100% inclusion levels for maize. The chicks were randomly assigned to the three treatment diets (1, 2 and 3) in a completely randomized design and each treatment group had three replicates with ten chickens per replicate. The result on the hematological indices revealed that MCV values were significantly influenced (p<0.05) by the treatment diets with highest value of (135.50±0.21fl) among birds fed 50% BWM. MCH also significantly varied (p<0.05) among birds fed the treatment diets with highest (42.77±0.31pg) recorded among birds maintained on the control diet. Serum biochemical indices revealed that phosphorus value were significantly higher (p<0.05) in birds fed the control diet with the mean value of 3.63±0.09mg/100ml. Total cholesterol was significantly higher (p<0.05) in birds fed 100% BWM. The overall results from this study suggested that the inclusion of biscuit waste meal in the diet of broilers up to 100% did not have any detrimental effect on the blood profile of the birds. But precaution had to be taken in the incorporation of BWM at this level because of the increase effect on the cholesterol level of the blood.

This study was conducted at Werer agricultural research center from May 2014 to April 2015 with the objectives of evaluating different feed supplementation options for two years old Afar bulls to attain export market weight and investigating duration required for the purpose. A total of twenty one bulls with an average initial weight of 151.2 kg were used for the experiment. Three different dietary feed rations were formulated as treatments; T1= 20% molasses, 35% wheat bran and 45% linseed cake; T2= 45% wheat bran, 20% maize grain and 35% noug cake, and T3= 65% wheat bran and 35% cotton seed cake. Bulls were blocked by weight, and randomly assigned to the three dietary treatments. In overall, a total of 254 days were required for the bulls to attain export market weight of 300 kg. Higher average daily feed intake was observed in bulls fed under T1, followed by T2 and T3, yielding 3815.1 gm per day, 3594.5 gm per day and 3581.2 gm per day, respectively. However, the difference was not significant statistically. Average Daily Weight Gain (ADG) and Total Weight Gain (TWG) were significantly higher in bulls fed under T1, with a value of 0.62gm and 158.3 kg, respectively, over the entire feeding period. The ADG of experimental animals during the 84th and 112th feeding period were 0.72 gm and 0.67 gm, respectively. No significant difference was observed on the carcass and non-carcass traits among the three treatment groups. In conclusion, the preliminary feeding trial indicated that supplementation of 20% molasses, 35% wheat bran and 45% linseed cake after grazing to two years of Afar bulls enabled them to attain market weight of above 300 kg in 254 days. However, cost-benefit analysis should be conducted before deciding to use Afar bulls of the indicated age for fattening based businesses in such feeding systems.

The clinical course of toxic envenomation of a cow after snakebite is described. The cow was bitten during grazing on a hilly area east from Ljubljana. When the cow returned from pasture in the evening, there was significant facial swelling and systemic clinical signs. The cow was severely depressed and in appetent and developed skin lesions after several days. Clinicopathological examination shoved haemolysis, hyperbilirubinemia and increased activity of liver enzymes. Clinical status of the cow has gradually normalized within one month, however liver enzyme elevations (GGT, GLDH), remained even two months after the bite. Based on clinical signs and history a venomous snakebite was suspected.

Livestock production is an important source of income for the rural poor in India. About 70 per cent of the livestock production is in the hands of small and marginal farmers and landless laborers who own less than 30 per cent of the land area. Livestock rearing is particularly engaged with milk production and lends itself to small scale enterprises more effectively than other agricultural enterprises. Animal husbandry sector has a huge potential for providing gainful employment to rural women in their own households as 70 per cent of the workforce in dairying consists of women.

Objective: An investigation was carried out in the Afigya-Sekyere South District to determine the rate of early chick mortality in the first four weeks and the factors that may have caused this.

Methods: Structured questionnaires and personal observations were used to obtain information from twenty-eight (28) farm managers.

Results: The study revealed that mortality was higher in the first and second week with an average mean mortality of 11.39 and 6.43 respectively. According to the farm managers, all the mortality reported was a result of disease infection. Statistical analysis also depicted that the source of the day-old chicks (local or imported), experience and educational level of the managers and the type of breed were the factors that affected disease occurrence on the farm which consequently caused early chick mortality.

Conclusion: Diseases such as Gumboro and Coccidiosis were reported with a percentage of 35.7% and 39.3% respectively and these caused a mortality percentage of 33.86% and 36.99%. The studies further revealed that mortality increased with a decrease in the inefficiency of the managers. Statistical analysis also showed that local chicks were associated with higher mortality recording 0.80% as compared to 0.31% of the imported chicks in the first week. Mortality was also associated with the type of breed, with the Bovane black recording the highest percentage in all the four weeks recording 2.34% and 0.92% in the first and second week respectively

In order to compare the reproduction and pre-weaning growth performance of guinea pigs fed on Panicum maximum or Pennisetum purpureum, 28 adult guinea pigs, divided into 2 lots of 14 animals (2 males and 12 females) each, were used. Comparative evaluation of the effect of these grasses on reproductive performance was done on 24 females previously mate with 4 males for a period of 31 days according to a completely randomized design. The animals in each lot received grass (Ad libitum) associated with 20g / day / animal of a compound food containing 15.76% crude protein. The results show that litter size was significantly higher (1.50 ± 0.53%) with P. maximum than with P. purpureum (1.30 ± 0.48%). From birth to the third week age, the viability of pups was comparable (100 and 92.85% respectively for P. maximum and 91.67 and 92.31 % for, P. purpureum at birth and at weaning) for both grasses. The mean birth weight and mean weaning weight were significantly higher with P. maximum (83, 34 and 59.28g at birth and 175, 20 and 145.10g respectively for P. maximum and P. purpureum). Total gains and average daily gains (GMQ) although comparable were higher with P. maximum during pre-weaning growth, (91.86 and 81.57; 4.37 and 3.21g for total gains and average daily gains respectively for P.maximum and P. purpureum).

In the Coastal Lowlands of Kenya, small-scale mixed crop-livestock system is the dominant form of agricultural production. Feed quantity and quality are inadequate and rarely meets the nutrient demands of growing heifers and lactating cows especially in the dry seasons. The objective of the study was to determine the chemical composition and In Vitro Dry Matter Digestibility (IVDMD) of some native species forage species of the coastal lowlands of Kenya. A cross-sectional survey was conducted for 3 months on a random sample of 415 small-scale dairy cattle producers’ to determine the main basal feed resources. Thereafter, feed samples were collected during a longitudinal survey on a purposive sample of 32 farms from the main cross-sectional sample for 12 months. Chemical composition of the forages varied considerably. The mean CP and NDF of grasses ranged from 84.1±10.9 - 97.1±13.5 and 603.8±57.0 - 724.8±45.1 g/kg DM respectively. Leucaena leucocephala had the highest CP of 270.8±74.0 g/kg DM while natural pastures mixture had the lowest of 84.1±10.9 g/kg DM. Asystacia gangetica and Commelina benghalensis had a CP content of 131.8±26.7 and 162.7±22.6 g/kg DM respectively. Napier grass had a CP of 86.4±11.3 g/kg DM while dry maize stover and green maize stover had CP of 72.2±10.4 and 112.8±13.6 g/kg DM respectively. A. gangetica, C. benghalensis, L. leucocephala and green maize stover had higher in vitro dry matter digestibility (> 50%) compared to dry maize stover, pastures grasses and napier grass. Pastures grasses in vitro dry matter digestibility ranged from 40.3±7.31 – 44.7±5.48%. Therefore, the available forages were of moderate quality with average to high nutrient content and in vitro dry matter digestibility. Farmers’ should be encouraged to harvest pasture grasses at bloom-milk stage in order to take advantage of their rich nutrient supply.

The intensive use of animal manure is a significant environmental risk to soil water. Manure composition emissions can be effected by soil water with the application of animal manure.

The vectors to represent the relationship between soil water characteristics and antibiotic were generated. A Semi-empirical Richards equation is employed to the dynamic models of soil moisture while precise solutions of Richards equation obtained by using the G´ / G - expansion method and the homogeneous balance method. Then the dynamic models which involve several variables including soil moisture content, soil depth and timescales were assumed according to the exact solutions of Semi-empirical Richards equation. At least one antibiotic was detected in all the soil water and animal manure samples.

Results confirmed that the contamination of vegetables by fecal bacteria is mainly due to the use of animal manure.