[ ISSN : 2573-3680 ]
The purpose of this statement is none other than to highlight the importance of ethical standards and quality required in basic and applied research currently being done so we can subsequently inform health care professionals of new developments that are taking place in this area.
The purpose of this statement is none other than to highlight the importance of ethical standards and quality required in basic and applied research currently being done so we can subsequently inform health care professionals of new developments that are taking place in this area. Scientific advances of modern medicine, applicable to all medical specialties and therapeutic areas have a great impact worldwide. The XXI century doctor requires up to date information circulated in daily journals, articles and scientific publications.
The update is an obligation within the medical activity; it is a commitment to the profession and to patients. To discern between knowledge and mere information is a rigorous and inexcusable responsibility of any health professional committed to the profession. Researchers try to solve medical problems and questions from the knowledge gained by scientific research and apply these in clinical practice, biochemistry and development of new treatments.
Essentially, it is investigated for the diagnosis, path physiology and treatment of diseases in controlled conditions, omitting the knowledge obtained directly from practice and clinical research.
Current medical research involving human subjects must conform to generally accepted scientific principles generally accepted in their design and implementation, including solid theoretical foundation and an appropriate methodology in addition to relying on a thorough review of the scientific literature, other relevant sources of information and the knowledge gained in the laboratory, animal testing, the fundamental purpose being the improvement of preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures as well as understanding the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease.
To obtain the best results with these methods they must be continually questioned and debated by new research to validate its effectiveness, efficiency, accessibility and quality [1].
Basic research in biochemistry, molecular biology and cell biology provides an infinite amount of data and knowledge. Applied research uses that information to understand the path physiology of diseases of patients. The research based on animal models to explain different types of (metabolic, chronic degenerative, infectious) diseases is of great importance for the understanding of the path physiology of these disorders. The animals commonly used are: the mouse, fly, monkey, rabbit amongst others.
In addition, the culture of fibroblasts from both normal cells and those from patients, allows numerous functional studies that are basic to interpret the mechanisms of pathogenesis of disease. These models are essential to verify the effectiveness and eliminate the toxicity of new treatments before its application on humans. At this stage you can finally apply the knowledge gained from basic research to clinical application through clinical trials and therapies for certain groups of patients and thus test its effectiveness.
Despite the enormous advances in science and technology not everything has been solved. The massive generation of data makes it essential to sort, analyze and discriminate this by bioinformatics techniques and rigorous selection of data to arrive at the most appropriate and relevant conclusions to the resolution of the problems.
Applied research improves clinical practice and ultimately supports the recovery of the patient’s health, but for the findings of basic biomedical research to help improve health, we need to ensure these reach the clinicians responsible for their application. Valuation of the impact basic research has on clinical practice is a complex issue.
The main difficulty is to measure how the new knowledge discovered in the laboratory and ended up as a medical innovation and clinical practice. It would also be appropriate to define three important aspects: the benefits of research, what the impact of research is and what tools and conditions are required to conduct the investigation.
Similarly, clinical research has to have a major impact on scientific research to achieve a change in the clinical practice and lead to changes in the behavior of professionals. The impact of research is unpredictable because it depends on the nature of the findings, the credibility and prestige of the research team, the project objective, the consistency of the results with the accepted practice, and socioeconomic and cultural conditions of the environment where the results are applied. Thereupon, the application of new knowledge is not immediate as it depends on factors outside the investigation.
Factors such as time, space and context determine the true results. In short, only designing research projects of high quality and stimulating the rapid transfer of results to clinical application can display the real impact on public health services. Reiterate the invitation to the scientific community to contribute their ideas and research to ensure that SM Journal of Clinical Medicine is a permanent means of gathering and updating information for all health professionals.
Rodríguez-van Lier ME. Scope of Basic Biomedical Research and its Impact on Clinical Investigation. SM J Clin Med. 2015; 1(1): 1002
Chemotherapy is commonly used in cancer treatment. So far, chemotherapy agents can be categorized into three types: classical chemotherapeutic drugs, molecular target agents and cellular machineries target drugs.
Ziyou Wang1,2 and Zunnan Huang1,2*
Blood transfusion can cause some transfusion adverse reactions. In order to understand the incidence of adverse transfusion reactions, we performed a meta-analysis in Chinese hospitals. Of 809 literatures, seven studies involving a total of 211, 050 patients with blood transfusion treatment were included in this meta-analysis. Meta-analysis showed that the total incidence of adverse reactions was 0.4% [95% CI (0.2, 0.9), P < 0.0001]. Further subgroup analysis showed that the incidence of febrile and allergic reactions was 0.2% [95% CI (0.1, 0.5), P < 0.0001] and 0.2% [95% CI (0.1, 0.3), P < 0.0001], respectively. The common blood components caused adverse reactions were red blood cell, plasama, and platelet in clinical practice.
Yulu Gao1 , Qinyun Li2 , Zongshuai Gao2 , Yunxia Zhu4 , Yanqiu Liao5 , Changtai Zhu2 *# , Yongning Sun3 *#
Background: CT scanning remains one of the most routinely used diagnostic tools in a setting of Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD). New and improved technologies, such as High Resolution Computer Tomography (HRCT) have revolutionized the quality of imaging, leading to a prominent increase in number of incidental findings that may or may not be of any clinical significance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of incidental findings on thoracic CT and their clinical significance.
Methods: Retrospective analysis was conducted on a cohort of 84 patients referred to our academic center as cases of ILD. Patients were referred for further evaluation between January 2000 and January 2014 and were followed over the disease course. CT scans were done annually as part of clinical management and patients were screened for any incidental findings. All incidental findings were reviewed, recorded in a clinical database and followed up on subsequent visits.
Results: 25 (30%) patients were found to have incidental findings. Liver abnormalities were found in 12 (14.29 %) patients. 11(13.10 %) patients were reported to have coronary artery calcifications. 5 (5.95 %) and 3 (3.57%) patients had thyroid abnormalities and renal cysts, respectively. A malignant lesion was found in 1 patient each in liver and thyroid abnormality subgroup.
Conclusion: Incidental findings are common on thoracic CT scans providing valuable and unexpected findings which warrant investigation by health care providers to exclude malignant processes.
Sonu Sahni1,2*, Sameer Verma1,2, Reeju S Thomas1 , Barbara Capozzi3 and Arunabh Talwar1,2
Hepatitis C Virus infection (HCV) is an increasing public health concern with an estimated 184 million people infected worldwide and approximately 350.000 yearly deaths from HCV-related complications.
Nesrine Gamal and Pietro Andreone*
We report a case of large cell undifferentiated lung carcinoma in a middle aged patient with previously treated tuberculosis and scarring. 20 pack years of smoking history was noted. He presented with metastasis at multiple sites including trochanter, liver and acute bilateral lateral rectus palsy. Chest radiography showed fibrosis of right upper zone with homogenous opacity. Sputum examination for AFB was negative. Computerized tomography of the thorax showed an irregular heterogeneously enhancing mass involving right upper lobe with cavitation, necrosis along with lymph node involvement and the erosion of the 4th rib with liver metastasis. Radiography of hip joint was suggestive of lesser trochanteric metastasis. MRI brain was suggestive of mass at base of brain in parasellar area. Fine needle aspiration cytology and CT guided biopsy confirmed undifferentiated large cell carcinoma of lung. Tuberculosis and smoking may increase the risk of lung scarring and malignancy and pulmonary scarring may be associated with increased lung carcinoma in ipsilateral lung. Clinician needs to be more sensitive to look for malignancy association particularly in patient with or previously treated for tuberculosis and even more emphasis to be laid if scarring of lung is observed.
Sreenivasa Rao Sudulagunta1 *, Shyamala Krishnaswamy Kothandapani2 , Mahesh Babu Sodalagunta3 , Hadi Khorram2 , Mona Sepehrar4 and Zahra Noroozpour1
Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disease characterized by fibrosis of the skin and internal organs, pronounced alterations in the microvasculature and frequent cellular and humoral immunity abnormalities. The rheumatic involvement of SSc is polymorphic and can reveal the disease or may appear during the course of its progression. Musculoskeletal involvement is dominated by non specific arthralgia, polyarthritis, and bony resorption especially acro-osteolysis. The diagnosis of these rheumatic manifestations is generally based on x rays examination. Musculoskeletal involvement in SSc is generally relieved with Non Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAID) or low dose of corticotherapy. The immunosuppressive therapy is used in corticoid-resistant or corticoid-dependent forms such us méthotrexate. The aim of our review is to presents an overview of the different osteoarticular and muscular involvement in SSc, their diagnosis and management.
Nessrine Akasbi*, Fatima Ezzahra Abourazzak and Taoufik Harzy
Sedigheh Mirhashemi1 , Mohammad Hosein Kalantar Motamedi1 *, Amir Hossein Mirhashemi2 and Hamid Reza Rasouli1
We encountered two autopsy cases of huge cardiomegaly with over 1000g in weight. Histochemical characteristics were examined using conventional staining including HE and Azan stains and immunohistochemical staining using antibodies against Complement Component 9 (CC9), RNA Binding Protein Motif 3(RBM3), Endothelial Type NO Synthase (eNOS) and Hypoxic Inducible Factor1α (HIF1). The reactive area with anti CC9 antibody, which presumed to be a marker of hypoxic change of myocardium, overlapped with eosinophilic area by HE and basophilic one by Azan. Although the reactive area with anti CC9 antibody showed relatively weak in the cytoplasm by anti eNOS antibody and no in the nucleus of cardiocytes with anti RBM3 antibody, outside of the reactive area with anti CC9 antibody there were intensive reactivity with anti eNOS antibody in cytoplasm and in a nucleus with anti RBM3 antibody. Anti HIF1 antibody showed weak reactivity with cytoplasm of endocardial cardiocytes and no with cytoplasm of cardiocytes in another area. The results obtained from the present cases revealed that the hypoxic change was equivalent even though the cause of cardiomegaly was deferred between two cases, and conventional staining such as HE and Azan utilized to detect hypoxic change in the heart and immunohistochemical studies seemed to be a useful tool for clarifying the cascade of hypoxic changes in the myocardium.
Satoshi Furukawa1,2*, Mayumi Kataoka1 , Satomu Morita1,2, Akari Uno2 , Masahito Hitosugi2 , Hiroshi Matsumoto1,3 and Katsuji Nishi1,2
A 45-year-old woman with multiple sclerosis was admitted to our hospital after out of hospital cardio-pulmonary resuscitation. The first ECG showed ventricular fibrillation. Following direct current defibrillation and mechanical reanimation, spontaneous circulation was restored and the ECG unremarkable without any signs of ischemia. Coronary angiography showed unobstructed coronary arteries Figure 1, (Panel A). Left ventriculography revealed apical wall obstruction, suggestive of apical aneurysm (Panel B, supplementary videos). Transthoracic echocardiography and Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (CMR) eventually lead to the diagnosis of a rare case of Apical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (AHC) with ace of spades-form (Panel C,D). The patient underwent Cardioverter-Defibrillator Implantation (ICD) and amiodarone medical therapy for secondary prophylaxis. Patient’s family history and screening for HCM were unsuspicious.
Wiedemann S# *, Heidrich FM# , Speiser U and Strasser RH
We present the case of a 23-year-old female who was 23 weeks pregnant and presented to the emergency room of our Obstetric Department in nausea and vomiting that had been worsening over the course of 2 months with loss of eight kilograms in clinical presentation compatible with hyperemesis.
Elisa Picardo1*, Marco Mitidieri1, Marco Bozzaro2, Roberto Altieri2, Carlo Carmazzi1 and Saverio Danese1