Diabetes is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among Hispanics in the US. We conducted a randomized controlled trial of a diabetes education program for Hispanics, delivered by community health workers. Participants were randomly assigned to the intervention or a wait-list control. Participants in the intervention group showed significant decreases in Body Mass Index (BMI) at 1-, 3-, and 6-month follow-ups. BMI increased in the control group. Body Shape Index (ABSI) decreased more in the intervention group than the control group. A brief four-session diabetes education program delivered by community health workers can reduce diabetes-related health disparities among Hispanics.

Premixed insulin products cover both basal and prandial blood glucose, as they have basal and prandial components in a single injection. Patients who are on a basal-bolus insulin regimen require atleast four injections daily.

Introduction: Menarche is the first periodical flow of blood from uterus in all healthy females. The main objective of the study was to explore the various factors associated with early menarche.

Methodology: A case control study was conducted among 260 adolescent’s girls of Pokhara, Nepal. Girls who experienced menarche at the age ≤11 and ≥14 were selected as cases and controls respectively for this study. Results: Study showed that low birth weight girls were 9.44(3.022-29.517) times more likely to have early menarche (p=<0.001) compared to girls with normal birth weight. Girls who were physically inactive before menarche were 5.69(1.932-16.787) times more likely to develop early menarche (p=0.002) in comparison to girls who were physically active. Inadequate sleep before menarche were 8.07(2.628-24.830) times more likely to have early menarche (p=0.001). The girls whose mothers were using hormonal contraceptives were 5.80(1.722-19.568) times more likely to have early menarche (p=0.005). Similarly, the girls who had inadequate breastfeeding were 5.20(1.544-17.543) times more likely to develop early menarche (p=0.008). The girls whose mothers were exposed to chemicals during pregnancy were 3.91(1.159-13.234) times more likely to develop early menarche (p=0.028).

Conclusion: It was concluded that physical inactivity, inadequate sleep, absence of biological father, exposure to sexual materials, inadequate breastfeeding, use of hormonal contraceptives by mother, low birth weight, exposure to chemicals during pregnancy and mothers age at menarche were associated with early menarche. Furthermore, more research should be done to explore more on identified risk factors associated with early menarche.

Introduction: Fertility gap is the difference between preferred and observed rates. Preferred fertility rates have a predictive value in forecasting the future course of fertility in any community.

Aim: The present study aimed at detecting gap, if any, between preferred and observed maternal fertility behaviors in Mosul at the north of Iraq and defining the underlying reasons behind their preference.

Subjects and methods: Across-sectional design was adopted; during which 1302 mothers at child-bearing age who had at least two living children. They were interviewed during their attendance to 20 primary health care centers distributed throughout Mosul in the North of Iraq. Data collection instrument was a validated questionnaire form prepared for such purposes.

Result: No gap was detected between mean preferred age at marriage and mean observed age (18.5 years) rather than 0.5 year; with a significant positive correlation between them (r = 0.2, p = 0.000). High parity was reported among 27.8% that was not correlated with maternal preference. Prevalence of short birth interval was 77.6%. Furthermore, 11.6 month-gap was showed between observed and preferred birth interval with a positive significant correlation, too (r = 0.3, p = 0.000).

Social aspect had the vital role in encouraging preference of teenage marriage (94.0%) and short birth interval (67.8%). Economic reason was the first reason among 43.1% of mothers who preferred high parity.

Conclusions: A real gap was detected between preferred and observed indicators of fertility behaviors. Social reasons were the main cause behind this behavior followed by economic reasons. Health education about comprehensive family life is necessary for constructing health fertility behaviors, which are consistent with religious and social contexts.

The Medical Council of India, the apex body for regulating medical education in India came out with the criteria of research publications for the promotions to the posts Associate Professor and above (2 publications for Associate Professor and 4 for Professor on a cumulative basis) for the first time in 2009 with the intention of promoting and encouraging research among faculties of Medical Colleges.