HIV is also included one of the cause of morbidity and mortality, It can present as with many infections as it lower immunity but can present with atypical symptoms. Early diagnosis with prompt treatment including combination of anti-retroviral therapy is essential to ensure positive outcome and avoidance of complication.

Case: 37 year old male with no known comorbids, admitted with complain of weight loss for 2-3 months, fever for the past 15 day, and loose stool for 1 day.

Sexual history was positive for multiple sex partners.

On examination bilateral inguinal lymph node were palpable rest of the systemic examination was unremarkable.

On investigation, Patients hemoglobin was low (6.3), TLC (4.5), Platelet (200) Urea/Creatinine (72/1.2) ESR=46,STOOL DR =pus cell 1-2,entameoba histolytic cyst was +ve, parasite was seen. Urine DR showed, protein ++, RBC=4-6, LEUCO=8-10, Periphral Film showed microcytic, hypochromic, anisocytosis, severe iron deficiency anemia, Iron profile showed, ferritin= 11582, iron= 27, UIBC= 25, TIBC= 142, Blood C/S showed no bacterial growth

MRI Brain (screening protocol), showed small symmetrical high intensity areas on T2W images identified involving bilateral head of caudate nucleus, no diffusion restriction seen, findings likely represent early metabolic /degenerative disorder, mild atrophic changes seen in brain parenchyma which is more pronounced as compared to mention age

Anti HIV=Reactive, HIV CORE PROTEIN=Reactive.

Rest of the investigation were within normal limits including LFTS.

Inj. PIPERACILLIN +TAZOBACTAM 4.5gm 8 hourly given.

Tab sulphamethaxazole was given.

Inj omeprazole 40mg along with multivitamins.

Outcomes: Patient was advised to have CD4 count followed by treatment, but end resulted in lost to follow up.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection remains prevalent among the minority and drug using population in the United States. Testing for HIV is an important and cost-effective way to reduce HIV prevalence. Using a cross-sectional design, we assessed the HIV testing behavior of People who use Non-Injected Drugs (PWND) and compared it to People who use Injected Drugs (PWID) using negative binomial regression models. People who use non-injected drugs were less likely to test for HIV compared to those who use injected drugs. To exert a greater impact on the HIV epidemic, interventions and policies encouraging HIV testing in PWND, an under-recognized and equally at risk sub-population, are warranted.

The El Niño’s impact on the incidence and endemicity of cholera is highlighted in coastal regions of SouthEastern Asia and inland regions of sub-Saharan Africa, namely in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. This region is also a site of recurrent armed conflicts with subsequent internally displaced persons. However, the western DRC is sporadically affected consecutively to cholera spreading from the eastern endemic foci. We hypothesized that El Niño and both eastern armed conflicts and IDPs may play a central role in the spread of cholera epidemics in the DRC. Using Binomial Regression Models, our study showed that El Niño events were the main predictors of cholera epidemics spreading out of eastern endemic provinces. It implies that we may be able to provide an epidemiological tool to forecast the risk of cholera in the DRC.

Background: Higher education students belong to the group of young sexually active persons, which is at high risk for Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection (CTI), a Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) with worldwide increasing notifications. Recommendations for potential cost-effective screening programs are hindered by the lack of recent student population based data.

Objectives: To assess the current prevalence of CTI among asymptomatic students attending higher education through an opportunistic screening, and to identify factors strongly associated with CTI.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at a French student health center between October 2015 and March 2016. CTI testing, using nucleic acid amplification tests on first-void urine samples was proposed to all students attending the medical center except for STI-related consultation. Voluntary students were surveyed through an anonymous self-administered questionnaire about their sexual health history, sexual behavior and level of deprivation (EPICES score). Factors associated with CTI were identified using bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression.

Results: Among the 400 eligible students who accepted to be screened, 384 had interpretable laboratory results and were included in analysis. Overall prevalence of CTI was 6.3% [95%CI=4.1-9.3] (24 CTI positive students). Lifetime number of sexual partners (>2), and high deprivation score (EPICES ≥ 48.5) were identified as independent significant risk factors to be CTI carrier, with respective adjusted prevalence odds ratio (POR) of 12.9 [95%CI=2.6-234] and 6.8 [95%CI=2.3-18.9]. In this sample, using the lifetime number of sexual partners as a dichotomous screening factor (>2 or not) detected most of CTI cases (96%) and would have avoided 37% of students to be screened.

Conclusions: CTI prevalence is above previously described prevalence’s in France, consistent with reports showing a continuous increase in notified CTI. Cost-effective threshold may be reached, thus supporting a screening among asymptomatic students attending higher education in France regardless of gender and year of study. Targeted screening based on one element of the sexual activity pattern (“more than 2 lifetime sexual partners”) can identify most of the cases and be even more cost-effective. However, to be a relevant strategy, opportunistic screening must have an extended acceptance rate.

The research on farm animal cryptosporidiosis has been carried out in three regions of Armenia. 26 samples of cattle faeces, 41 of sheep, 34 of pigs, and 65 of poultry faeces has been examined. Native smears were prepared from these samples, and then dyed by Ziehl-Neelsen. The oocysts of Cryptosporidium were found in 8 samples of cattle faeces (30.8%), 12 samples of sheep faeces (23.3%), and in 17 samples of pig faeces (50.0%), and mainly in young animals. Therefore cryptosporidiosis is rather prevalent in farm animals in Armenia.