Since its introduction in the 1950s, the TNM staging system has been regarded as the most important prognostic cancer classification method.

Obesity is a complex disease of multifaceted etiology, with its own pathophysiology, comorbidities, and inflammatory profile. Accepting obesity as an inflammatory process is a key process to its treatment. Currently, the adipose tissue is a major focus of research in obesity due to an evolution in the understanding of the biological function of this tissue over the last decade. It is known that adipose tissue secretes multiple bioactive peptides, termed adipokines (proteins synthesized and secreted by adipose tissue) with specific actions towards inflammation. Also, many studies have shown an anti-inflammatory role for both Omega-3 supplementation and moderate aerobic exercise. Thus, the objective of this review is to approach the relationship between obesity and inflammatory adipokines, and discuss the role of Omega-3 and aerobic exercise in the treatment of this pathology. In this narrative review data collection has been performed through research articles published in the last five years through sites like PubMed and SCIELO, including some classic articles. It has been found that the Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) supplementation may be an alternative, however its use targeting the decrease in inflammation caused by obesity has little scientific evidence; nevetheless, the role of aerobic exercise as an important concomitant intervention practice is well established, due to its implications both in the hypothalamic and endocrine anti-inflammatory process.

The problem of overweight and obesity has reached epidemic proportions worldwide, and the high prevalence is due in part to the consumption of high-fat and high-energy diet. Recent research revealed that it was necessary to consider not only the quantity, but also the quality of fat in diets. Fatty acid analysis is an important tool both for characterizing fats and oils and for determining the total fat content in foods. To date, Gas Chromatography (GC) has become an important technique in fatty acid analysis because accurate results can be obtained for complex, as well as simple, sample matrices. This review presented various analytical methods including GC developed for identification and accurate quantification of dietary fatty acids. The potential health effects of fatty acids were also discussed.

This review is intended to provide information on recent research on the nutritional composition of the soybean, how soy can be used in the vegetarian and vegan diet, its use in diet therapy for some diseases, and how isoflavones in the soybean are related to health outcomes. Much research has been focused on the nutritional composition of soybeans in the past 30 years; in particular breeding and genetic engineering have the potential to alter soybeans. The protein, oil, and bioactive components of soy have been closely scrutinized; recent advances and challenges are outlined. The use of soy products has increased dramatically in the U.S. due to recognized correlations with positive health outcomes in those populations who consume much soy food products. Therefore, soy consumption has also been well studied for meeting nutritional needs of vegetarians and vegans, and those with health issues such as chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. Finally, bioactive components of soybean, including isoflavones, have emerging promise, but there are conflicting results regarding correlations and effects on health outcomes, including reducing menopausal symptoms, reducing risk of bone disease and some cancers. The purpose of this review is to provide information regarding recent advances in the composition of the soybean, its use in health and disease.

In hospital care, disease related to undernutrition results in: increased complications such as wound infections, chest infections, pressure ulcers; increased numbers of patients who are readmitted to hospital; increased numbers of deaths. Poor nutritional status or moderate-to-severe nutritional risk results in about 50% prolongation of hospital stay. Undertreated severe undernutrition affects every body area: the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, metabolism and immune systems, bone marrow depression, gut and brain with a detrimental effect on mental state. Several guidelines, papers and reviews provide guidance for medical and nursing staff managing patients with severe undernutrition and/or at risk of refeeding syndrome. So, caring for severely starved patients and re starting nutrition command close monitoring seeking for early signs or symptoms of refeeding and specialized care operating, with in a timely plan. Goals of treatment for undernourished patients are: 1. Treat physical complications and correct nutritional deficiencies. 2. Restore patients to a healthy weight, according with age and disease related. Nutritional rehabilitation should be regarded as a process developing through different levels (not mutually exclusive): (a) Improving energy and nutrient intake from ordinary food for out end in-patients (b) Use of oral nutritional supplements (c) Use of artificial nutrition. Refeeding critically ill patients is a particularly complex and hard issue. Critically undernourished patients should be moved from a starved state to an anabolic state, and they may develop complications of the refeeding syndrome, that should be prevented as much as possible.

China has been undergoing a dramatic transition in food consumption since a few decades ago. The composition of diet has changed significantly. We assessed the trend of dietary diversity in China with four indicators. Count Index (Count), Dietary Diversity Score (DDS), Entropy (Entropy) and Simpson Index (Simpson) were adopted to measure the dietary diversity of 24542 adults (>17 years) through the data of 4 rounds (2004, 2006, 2009, 2011) of China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). Results indicated that dietary diversity increased over time, and it was unequally distributed among different regions and families. Further investigation found that it was positively associated with accessibility of food (p<0.01) and other social-economic factors such as family income, household size, gender, age, education and region.

SM Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism (SMJNM) is an International Peer Reviewed Open Access journal presenting original research contributions and scientific advances in the field of Nutrition and Metabolism. SMJNM will publish articles that integrate nutrition with biochemistry and molecular & cellular biology. The open access process is chosen to provide rapid and accessible dissemination of new results and perspectives in a field that is of great current interest. Manuscripts in all areas of nutritional biochemistry will be considered. The need for the journal is identified in the epidemic of obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome (dyslipidemias) and related diseases, and a sudden increase in popular diets, as well as renewed interest in intermediary metabolism.