Tendon injuries are the second most common hand injuries in orthopedic patients. Tendon adhesions are one of the most concerning complications after surgical repair of the flexor tendon injury, particularly in zone II, which extends from the A1 pulley to the distal insertion of the Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (FDS) tendon in the finger

Based on the American Dental Association concept, Dentofacial Orthopedics is the branch of dentistry that has to do with the assessment, development and alignment of maxilla, mandible, and other cranial bones, with attendant improvement in airway, muscle and neurological tone.

Osteoarthritis is a disabling disease with no known cause. The role of muscle dysfunction as an etiological factor has however been discussed, and evidence in favor of this hypothesis has recently been sought.

To ensure the possible accelerated osteogenesis of long bone fractures in patients with concomitant spinal cord injury and to investigate the mechanism causing it with the understanding of a possible neuro-hormonal cause, a hormonal bioassay of the blood of 21 of these patients was measured in the prospective controlled study and compared to 20 patients with only spinal cord injuries, 30 patients with only long bone fractures, and 30 healthy volunteers.

The study results showed that Long bone fractures in patients with associated acute traumatic spinal cord injury of quadriplegia or paraplegia heal more expectedly, faster and with exuberant florid union callus (P>0.001) and showed statistically significant higher levels of parathyroid hormone and growth hormone (p<0.005) and normal corticosteroids levels. Patients with long bone fractures only showed consistent and statistically significant higher level of noradrenaline and adrenaline hormones compared to patients with spinal cord injury alone or associated with long bone fractures (p<0.001). Leptin hormone shows statistically significant consistent decrease in patients with spinal cord injury and concomitant long bone fractures compared to healthy subjects (p<0.001). We believe, according to the results of this study that bone healing is accelerated in long bone fractures in patients with associated spine fractures and spinal cord injuries. We also can conclude that bone healing has a central neuronal control and a combined neuro- hormonal mechanism with a relative inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system is a possible cause of accelerated healing of long bone fractures in patients with associated spinal cord injury.

 Globally, hundreds of millions of people are affected by musculoskeletal disorders (~10 million in the UK)