Chronic glaucoma, with its risk of irreversible blindness, is one of the major public health problems in Morocco and the world. Its identification, because of the almost asymptomatic nature of the disease, is the first if not the only means available to control it or at least to act when there is still time, so as not to become blind without realizing it

Hemophilia A and B are rare bleeding disorders caused by mutations in the F8 and F9 genes encoding the coagulation factor VIII (FVIII: C) and factor IX (FIX: C)

This literature review focuses on mechanisms that are involved in the phenomenon of “sedentary behavior” such as television viewing and work sitting, considering its impact on susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. As such the review tries to provide information on how the physical inactivity may be responsible for the development of chronic diseases. “Inactivity” is a term that can be used to describe the time that people spend not doing exercise. In terms of physical movement, “inactivity” can be determined as a minimal movement that the body implements. In terms of metabolic consumption, “inactivity” symbolizes a dimension in which the energy expenditure is equivalent to a resting metabolic trend. However, the study on the behaviour of sedentary can provide a wider spectrum of factors that concur to the development of diseases and a statement of the energy expenditure in sedentary actions. In sedentary behaviors are included reading, television viewing, work sitting, driving, or commuting, meditation or eating, talking with friends or on the telephone or other actions that do not include physical exercise. During the past decades many efforts have been made to try to determinate and quantify the physical activity in terms of validity and reliability estimation, and its incidence on morbidness. Since the past centuries until today it was noticed a general decrease in human energy expenditure and an increase in the sedentary lifestyle. Investigations have been also carried out on the alleged effects of the activity on morbidness. Clearly there is a need to review the research findings over the past years to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge on the underlying mechanisms governing the phenomenon of inactivity observed during prolonged period.

Study background: Considering that preventable mortality is still a significant problem in European countries and large differences exists between these countries, this study first analyses which expenditures, as percentage of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) are related to preventable mortality. Secondly, quantitative and qualitative healthcare indicators as well as life style indicators are introduced to investigate their contribution to explain preventable mortality.

Methods: The study is cross-sectional, using data of international databases (like Eurostat and OECD) of 31 European countries. The years the data were collected vary between 2009 and 2014. The following indicators are used to explain preventable mortality: percentage of GDP expenditures on healthcare, education, and social protection, quantitative and qualitative healthcare indicators (% vaccinated children, % women screened on cervical cancer and breast cancer, the overall volume of prescribed antibiotics, standardised infant mortality, Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) mortality rate after hospital admission, and % of persons aged 16 and over reporting unmet needs for medical care), and life style indicators (% low reading literacy, % smokers, % of adults with insufficient physical activity, % obese persons, alcohol consumption, and exposure to air pollution). Significant indicators are analysed by forward regression.

Results: Expenditure on social protection is strongest related to preventable mortality. Significant correlations between quantitative and qualitative health care indicators disappear when social protection expenditure is introduced as explaining variable. Besides social protection expenditure, alcohol consumption and physical activity contribute to preventable mortality.

Conclusion: Strengthening the comprehensiveness and expenditures of social protection policy is essential to reduce preventable mortality. Also, this study provides concrete examples for focused action.

Background: Mayor’s Wellness Councils are community-based coalitions designed to improve the health and wellbeing of communities. Although they reach millions of people, little is known about whether council websites are informative. The aim of this study was to recommend an approach for the website content of Mayor’s Wellness Councils based on Community Coalition Action Theory.

Method: Internet searches were conducted to identify Mayor’s Wellness Councils for the 50 most populated United States Metropolitan Statistical Areas. We evaluated all 24 of existing councils with websites.

Results: The mission statement was the most frequently described construct followed by outcomes and implementation. After these three constructs, convener group, and coalition membership were presented most frequently. The least frequently described construct was assessment and planning. Twenty-five percent of the websites had no information related to the six Community Coalition Action Theory constructs, essential information for consumers.

Discussion: This study provides guidance on how the content of Mayor’s Wellness Council websites can be presented to maximally inform consumers about their activities and impact. We recommend incorporating all six Community Coalition Action Theory constructs with a particular emphasis on assessment and planning to best convey the functioning and effectiveness of Mayor’s Wellness Councils. Improving Mayor’s Wellness Councils for consumers can have direct and indirect positive effects for public health and community wellbeing.