Trace minerals plays an essential role to improve production and nutritional efficiency of livestock products. Each trace minerals can have its own and synergistic metabolic/biologic functions on health and performance of chickens. The relationship between trace minerals supplementation and health of animal has been cohesive, especially on the immune function influenced by chromium, an essential element in poultry. The last two decades have seen a high interest of supplementing Cr3+ in poultry diets during stress conditions. This review looks at the nutritional benefits of chromium on the immune function in poultry birds from the aspects of the stressors, histological structure of the immune organs, non-specific immunity, humoral immunity, cellular immunity and cytokines.

Culex (Culex) coronator Dyar and Knab was recorded in three of the 15 municipalities surveyed in Havana province, Cuba. Cx.coronator larvae were found in six different types of breeding sites. At these breeding sites, this mosquito was associated with other species such as Culexnigripalpus, Theobald and Anopheles albimanus, Wiedemann. This represents the first record of Cx. coronator in the Havana province.

An experiment was conducted on 12 male crossbred (Red Sindhi x local, Bos indicus) cattle from 104 to 165 kg of live weight to evaluate the influence of the dietary concentrate-to-forage (C:F) ratio from 1:10, 1:6, 1:4 to 1:3 on their feed intake, Weight Gain (WG), Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), digestible nutrients and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission. A completely randomized block design was used and all data were submitted to analysis of variance and to compare of treatment pairs by Tukey’s test. The animals were fed ad libitum with forage of rice straw combined/no elephant grass and different commercial concentrate level in individual houses for 90 days. The results found that the feed intake, WG, and GHG emission linearly increased with the C:F ratio ranging from 1:10, 1:6, 1:4 to 1:3 while the in vivo Digestible Neutral Detergent Fiber (DNDF) and acid detergent fiber were decreased (P < 0.01). There were no effects (P > 0.05) of the dietary C:F ratio on the in vivo digestible organic matter, digestible crude protein and total digestible nutrients. The in vitro DNDF (P < 0.05) Using Rumen Fluid of Slaughtered Cattle (RFSC) without reagents for the medium was the same in vivo trend (R2 = 0.97, RSD = 0.59). The WG/GHG emission was significantly increased (P < 0.01) up to the C:F ratio of 1:4, but at the C:F ratio of 1:3 slightly had a decreasing trend. It, therefore, was concluded that the dietary C:F ratio of 1:4 was more efficient in fiber utilization and GHG emissive intensity. The in vitro technique using RFSC unknown dietary history without reagents for medium had the potential to be used for predicting the dietary fiber utilization of cattle.

Sugarcane is backbone of Indian agriculture. Commonly, sugarcane is used for production of sugar and during this process a large amount of bagasse is generated. This bagasse is either burnt in the sugar mills for energy requirement or used as landfill. Some sugar mills are also using it for the purpose of electricity generation. However, this lignocellulosic waste could be converted in the value added Single Cell Protein (SCP) after pretreating the substrate with alkali. It was observed that pretreatment with 2% NaOH, increased the reducing sugar (10.81 mg/g) content in the medium. After inoculation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, for five days, increased the mineral content from 2 to more than 9 folds. The SCB in the medium was found to be adequate to support 5.21%, 2.76%, 6.01%, 50.13% and 7.2% production of crude protein, true protein, lipid, crude fiber and crude ash.

The Research was performed to examine the effect of seasonal variation on the milk components in four breeds of cow at Dindigul District, Tamilnadu, India. Four different cow milk samples, Kangayam, Jersey, Red Sindhi, and Holstein Friesian were collected and examined in four different seasons, winter, post monsoon, monsoon and summer periods. No significant variation found in the percentage of water, SNF, and Acidity, pH of four breeds of cow in four different seasons. But the fat and protein content was significantly differ in each season in all experimental breeds of cow. The fat percentage was higher in Kangayam cow in summer season and protein content was higher in Jersey cow in post-monsoon period.

Objectives: The main (General) objective of writing this breeding program is being familiar with preparing the breeding program by accomplishing the course Applied Animal Breeding. And specifically practicing with-

• Suggesting the most appropriate breeding plan for indigenous Horro sheep breeds through:

• Improving growth and live weight of the population of pure horro sheep breeds.

Two undescribed species, Attagenus nitidus Ballion and Attagenus tomentosus Erichson, are commented and the names are established as new synonyms.

The study was conducted in Chifra district in Awsi-Resu Zone of Afar Regional State to explore the utilizations, risk management and marketing of sheep and goats in pastoral and agro pastoral production systems. Cross sectional survey with systematic random selection of 180 households (90 households from each production system. Descriptive statistics, t-test, chi-square test, analysis of variance, ranking method were employed in analyzing data using JMP5 software. In the two production systems indicated that slaughtering of sheep and goats for family/home consumption is done mostly during religious festivals and wedding ceremony.

The consumption preferences of sheep and goat were significantly (P≤0.05) different between the two production systems. Consuming both sheep and goat in were significantly (P≤0.05) different along the production system. Fresh milk, fermented milk, whey, and butter were among the common milk products produced and consumed in the area. The major differences in risk management strategies between the two production systems were associated with feeds and water, diseases. Marketing of milk in the study area is not broadly known. Selling of skin to gain income was not common in the two production systems.

In a twenty-week trial, twenty West African Dwarf (WAD) goats (7.00 – 8.00 kg) were randomly allotted into four treatments in a completely randomized design to evaluate the growth performance and nutrient digestibility of WAD goats fed bread waste and Moringa oleifera leaf. Four diets (T1, T2, T3 and T4) were compounded by inclusion of bread waste and M. oleifera leaf at 0, 25, 50 and 100% levels. The goats were fed at 3% of their body weight. Performance parameters such as feed intake, daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio were evaluated. During digestibility trial, individual goats were put in a metabolism cage for easy collection of faeces and urine. The CP content of diets containing bread waste and M. oleifera leaf (T2, T3 and T4) were higher than T1 diet. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the feed intake of the animal across the treatments. Animals fed diets T4 (34.38) had significantly highest (p<0.05) daily weight gain compared to T3 (26.67), T2 (21.88) and T1 (20.84). The diets T2, T3 and T4 were significantly higher (p<0.05) in digestible energy (59.23, 62.54 and 62.84% respectively) and crude protein (63.34, 69.39 and 72.39% respectively) compared to the control diet. Furthermore, the nitrogen balance was significantly highest (p<0.05) in T4 (2.22 g/day), T3 (1.92 g/ day), then T2 (1.50 g/day) and T1 (1.45 g/day) which were significantly the same (p>0.05). Hence, the nitrogen retention (%) was significantly higher in goats fed diets T4 (74.69 g/day) and T3 (68.61 g/day) than T2 (55.85 g/ day) and T1 (54.86 g/day). It could be concluded that inclusion of bread waste and M. oleifera in the diet of goats led to improved performance characteristics.

This study evaluates the hematological and biochemical parameters of West African Dwarf (WAD) goats fed wheat offal-carried pineapple waste (WCPW). Twenty WAD goats (initial weight 6.16 – 6.68kg) were randomly allotted to four experimental treatments in a completely randomized design. Four concentrate diets were compounded comprising 0, 20, 30 and 40% levels of inclusion of WCPW. The animals were fed at 3% of their body weight. On the last day of the experiment, two sets of blood samples were taken from the goats via jugular venipuncture using a 5 ml syringe. The PCV and Hb concentration value decreased significantly (P<0.05) as the inclusion level of WCPW increased in the diets. The RBC counts were significantly highest (p<0.05) in animals fed 30%WCPW (12.16), followed by 20%WCPW (10.83), 0%WCPW (10.20) and 40%WCPW (9.16) diets. Also animal fed 30%WCPW diet had significantly highest WBC counts compared to animals fed 20%WCPW, 40%WCPW and 0%WCPW diets. The RBC, WBC, neutrophil and lymphocyte of the goats fed 30%WCPW and 20%WCPW were significantly higher than animals fed other diets. The total protein, albumin and globulin contents of goats fed 40%WCPW were significantly higher (p<0.05) than other diets while there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the AST, ALP and creatinine contents of the experimental goats across the treatments. It could be concluded that inclusion of WCPW in diet up to 30% had no deleterious effect on blood parameters of the goats while care should be taken at higher inclusion level due to tendency to induce aenamia.

Comparative myoarchitectural anatomical studies were adopted on twelve tongues of apparently health of both adult sexes of cattle, buffalo and camel. The study was aimed to describe the architectural orientation of the extrinsic lingual muscles for each species. As well as statistical data between the tongue and extrinsic lingual muscles. The work declared the properties of potent tongue which allowed the cattle and buffalo to perform their behavioral prehension of food. The study described the extrinsic lingual muscles and spotted a light on the role of the geniohyoid muscle on the tongue. The work concluded that the tongue of cattle was the stronger than the buffalo while both able to depend on their tongue for food prehension. On the other hand the tongue of camel adapted for intraoral function.

A cross sectional study was conducted on 384 sheep at Debre birhan sheep breeding and multiplication farm from November 2018 to April 2019 to determine the prevalence of Monezia expansa infection. Fecal sample from a total of 384 randomly selected sheep of both sexes; different age, different breeds and body conditioned sheep were examined for cestode parasite (Monezia expansa) by using floatation technique. Of the total 384 sheep examined, the prevalence of Monezia expansa infection was found 59.4% (288 of 384). There was statistically significant difference (P<0.05) in the prevalence of infection between the two sexes with prevalence higher in female (66%) than male (51%). Statistically significant difference in the level of prevalence of infection was also recorded among the three breeds of the sheep (awassi, menz and cross-breed sheep) and the highest prevalence (66.7%) was observed in exotic Awassi sheep breed. Different level of prevalence of M. expansa was recorded among sheep of different age groups, and the highest prevalence (70.43%) was observed in sheep greater than or equal to three years. Finally, the result of present study indicated that moneiziasis is prevalent disease of sheep in the present study area so that strategic deworming, changing the type of farming system from semi-intensive to intensive to decrease the intimidate host(orbatid mite) accessibility in the grazing land, proper husbandary and management practices were recommended for the farm.

Study was carried out at the department of Animal Nutrition, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandoiam during the year 2018. Investigation was themed to monitor and assess major nutrients in different camel browse vegetations at Tando Allahyar. Results indicated Haloxylon salicornicum significantly rich and Prosopis cineraria comparatively poor in moisture content however dry matter appeared vice versa. Total organic and inorganic matter in Acacia nilotica, Ziziphus nummularia, Acacia jacquemontii, Prosopis juliflora, Prosopis cineraria, Alhagi maurorum, Capparis deciduas, and Zea mays found significantly different (p?0.05) from Trifolium alexandrinum, Salvadora oleiodes, Suaeda fruticosa, Haloxylon salicornicum and Tamarix passerinoides. Suaeda fruticosa had significantly maximum crude protein concentration. Zea mays had significantly high, Suaeda fruticosa comparatively low extract level. Nitrogen free extract among Acacia nilotica, Prosopis juliflora and Prosopis cineraria existed considerably high. Crude fiber was found significantly higher in Zea mays. Prosopis juliflora and Acacia nilotica acquired prominent concentration of total carbohydrate. Inorganic matter in Haloxylon salicornicum, Tamarix passerinoides, Salvadora oleiodes, Suaeda fruticosa and Trifolium alexandrinum didn’t significantly vary compared to each other, while with other vegetations it significantly varied. Zea mays, Acacia nilotica, Capparis deciduas, Ziziphus nummularia, Prosopis cineraria, Alhagi maurorum, Acacia jacquemontii and Prosopis juliflora appeared significantly different compared to Haloxylon salicornicum , Tamarix passerinoides, Salvadora oleiodes, Suaeda fruticos and Trifolium alexandrinum against ash content. Study concludes that Trifolium alexandrinum noted to be high moistured vegetation, Acacia jacquemontii rich in organic matter and Salvadora oleiodes in total inorganic matter. Capparis deciduas, and Suaeda fruticosa both pertained considerable crude protein contents. Zea mays and Salvadora oleiodes possessed high ether extract.

Growth is an increase in tissue mass. Tissue mass increases by hyperplasia early and hypertrophy later in life, although hyperplasia of adipose tissue continues throughout life. In cattle, certain growth features are controlled by recessive genes which have not so far been controlled, complicating breeding. One such trait is double muscling or abnormal growth of meat animals which causes muscle hypertrophy and thereby increase in animal commercial value. ‘Meat animals’ are animals that furnish meat for human consumption. The growth and development of meat animals depend on several factors like environment, management practices, and genetics. The growth and development of meat animals are largely affected by two important factors. The firs one is genetic factors, which it includes disease resistance, feed conversion efficiency, breed, and abnormal growth rates. The second most important factor is non-genetic in origin and it encompasses factors like nutrition, management, disease control, and environmental conditions. In plant feed animals, environmental factors influence the availability of nutrients. Heat regulation in livestock, especially cattle, is of great economic significance, because mammals attempt to maintain a constant body temperature. Low environmental temperature prolongs animal development, and high temperature also tends to retard it. Therefore, in this review, we will address those factors that greatly hinder the growth, development, and performance of meat animals worldwide.

Reproductive functions of dairy cattle are temporarily or persistently disturbed by reproductive health disorders. Reproductive health disorders are found to be a major reason for decreased reproductive efficiency in dairy cattle. These decreased reproductive efficiency results in heavy economic loss due to prolonged conception rate and calving interval, reduced fertility; drop in milk production, poor calf crop, early involuntary culling and replacement management as well as increased medication cost. Some of major reproductive health problems that have direct impact in reproductive efficiency and economy include: abortion, metritis, endometrits, pyometra, retention of placenta, vaginal and uterine prolapse, dystocia, anoestrus and repeat breeder. It is very difficult to diagnose these problems by one particular disorder or symptom because there is interrelation between predisposing factors such as management practice, nutrition and environment and the problems themselves are interrelated. The heavy economic losses and animal health problems can be reduced by appropriate diagnoses and treatment, and applying effective preventive measures. There are only few studies on prevalence of major reproductive health problems in Ethiopia and these studies show that they are common problems that need due attention. These problems can be prevented through strong extension service, which includes creating awareness to farmers. Moreover, further studies are needed particularly in rural areas where the majority of cows are found. Also compiling data on the subject in question at national level is of paramount importance for planning and application of good control and prevention approach.