Implanted ports are commonly used to deliver chemotherapy as part of chemoradiotherapy. The Department of Radiation Oncology must consider the impact of materials of construction of implanted ports on the alteration of radiation beam(s). The purpose of the current investigation was to evaluate the dosimetric consequences of having commercially available ports in the path of various therapeutic proton radiation beams. Proton beam range and intensity profiles were analyzed for changes when a vascular access port was introduced into the path of the beam. Clinically available energies were considered from a cyclotron at 51 MeV, 100 MeV, 150 MeV and 200 MeV. Three (n=3) different commercially available ports were investigated, including models from two different manufacturers. Each port was composed primarily of, or entirely of, plastic. Having ports in the therapeutic beam caused the Bragg peak to shift to a shallower depth, moving the proton beam range -0.6 cm to -1.4 cm. A high drop in profile intensity was observed at all proton beam energies, dropping the intensity from a normally flat profile down -67% to -96%. The full-width half maximums (FWHMs) of the dose drop region varies between -1.70 cm and -2.60 cm. Each port resulted in observed variations, with shifts more pronounced at lower proton beam energies. No single port yielded results that suggest the ability to achieve optimal proton beam radiation therapy dosing when the beam traverses the port. Clinical strategies for avoidance may include placement of dense implants at alternate site away from the treatment area, removal of dense implants, or adjustment of the gantry angle to avoid the implant altogether. The current study may be considered by physicians and medical physicists who are responsible for chemoradiotherapy, PBT planning, dosing, and administration to optimize care delivery in this setting.

This research aimed to enhance the stability of Cordyceps fumosorosea spores (JKI-BI-1496) using spray-drying with water-soluble sunlight protectants. Submerged spores (ss) of JKI-BI-1496 were tested for survival after spray-drying. Humic acid Na, humic acid K, lignin, black tea, cocoa, coffee, skimmed milk, green tea, and calcofluor white were evaluated for integration into the spray-drying process. Absorbance profiles (280 - 800 nm) were examined. Spray-drying was conducted at 65 °C inlet, 48 °C outlet, and a maximal product temperature of 35°C. Skimmed milk powder was used as a protective agent, forming a suspension with 5% skimmed milk, 5 × 106 ss mL-1 spores, and 5% protectants. Germination rates were assessed after 1 - 4 hours of simulated solar radiation. Spores coated with black tea showed the highest germination rate (48.3%) after 4 hours, compared to < 18% with other protectants. Calcofluor white-coated spores exhibited 44.9% germination after 12 weeks at 6 °C. Black tea and calcofluor white, enhance the stability of JKI-BI-1496 spores, indicating their potential for outdoor agricultural applications.

3D cell culture has been proven to be superior to 2D culture approaches in numerous applications. Some of the advantages of threedimensional culture systems comprise the ability of the cells to form cell-cell-contacts, to establish a cellular polarity, and the formation of oxygen and nutrient gradients, among others. Moreover, co-cultures in 3D are much more physiologically relevant compared to their two-dimensional counterparts. With this in mind, we developed an in vitro-model of the leukemic stem cell niche as a test platform for third generation α-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor-T-cell (CAR-T) potency with the CAR-T-cells being one member of the so-called class of living drugs. This is of clinical relevance since leukemia initiating cells (LIC) in the bone marrow hide from circulating immune cells and thus are made responsible for the primary disease and patient relapses. The in vitro-model is based on microcavity arrays that have proven to support a plethora of cells with regard to growth, differentiation, and maintenance of stem cell characteristics. In this article, we characterize the third generation CAR-T-cell response to a CD19 positive leukemic cell line (NALM-6) in co-culture with mesenchymal stromal cells as a leukemic niche surrogate. For this, confocal microscopy data were analyzed with respect to leukemic cell count prior and after CAR-T-cell infusion into a bioreactor system as a potency assessment, distribution of leukemic cells within the niche, cellular mobility, Caspase 3/7-, and Interferon ϒ-release. We could show that this 3D model of the leukemic bone marrow niche might be of use to assess CAR-T-cell potency in a bone-marrow-like environment and thus adds additional information to classical assays such as the 51Cr-release assay of suspension cells.

Keywords: Microcavity Arrays; Leukemic Niche; Living Drugs; Potency Test

Abbreviations: CAR-T cell: Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell; PBS+/+: Phosphate Buffered Saline solution with Calcium and Magnesium; PBS-/-: Phosphate Buffered Saline without Calcium and Magnesium; pMSC: primary Mesenchymal Stromal Cells; LIC: Leukemia Initiating Cells.