To identify ?the optimal in vitro conditions for pollen germination, anther culture and callus proliferation and differentiation of job’s tear (Coix lachrymal-jobi L) cv, features of pollen microspores at different flowering stages were observed, pollen germination conditions identified and anthers cultured to identify callus-forming and differentiating conditions. Pollen vigor and germination rates were determined and compared. Results showed that the late uni-, di- and tri-nucleate pollen grains were coexisting in the early flowering stage; and the pollen grains were homogeneously spherical and the vigor was the highest at the peak flowering stage. Single-tube pollen germination was observed. The optimal conditions for pollen germination was 10~15% sucrose + 0.01% boric solution at 25 for 5~7 hrs. The rates of callus induction from the late uninucleate anthers differed significantly among the cv. Calluses were successfully induced in the Murashige-Skoog medium+ 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetate1~2 mg/L + Kinetin1.5 mg/L. And some were differentiated into short cluster buds in the medium of Murashige-Skoog medium + indole-3-acetic acid 0.5 mg/L + Kinetin 2 mg/L. This represents the first report of the morphology, vigor, optimal germination conditions for pollen microspores of C. lachrymal-jobi L of this understudied and underutilized yet economically important food and medicine homologous crop

Nanotechnology is being used in agriculture to improve plant nutrition while maintaining soil texture and safeguarding it against microbial illnesses. Examples of such applications include the utilization of nano-fertilizers, nano-pesticides, and nano-herbicides. Nanotechnology plays a crucial role in maintaining soil health, hence promoting the overall well-being of plants. Nanoparticles have been shown to enhance agricultural productivity and output, mitigate the opposing effects of chemical runoff and nutrient loss. Several factors, including concentrations, physiochemical properties, and plant species, influence the impact of nanoparticles on plants. Several nanoparticles have been shown to impact plant physiology, leading to enhanced biomass output and germination rate. Nanoparticles have the ability to alter molecular pathways in plants via their impact on gene expression. The presence of quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, ZnO, Ag, Fe2O3, Se, Au, TiO2, Al2O3, SiO2, and non-metal oxides of nanoparticles is of significant importance in the promotion of plant development and growth. Extensive research has been conducted on the role of NPs in the reduction of growth, inhibition of chlorophyll, and enhancement of photosynthetic efficiency. The main purpose of this study was to offer a comprehensive overview of studies that have examined the impacts, translocation, and interactions of nanoparticles with plants.