Background: The incidence of ectopic thymus in the posterior mediastinum is very uncommon and rare. It is difficult to exclude thymoma before surgical procedure. Thymomas generally arise from the thymus in the anterior mediastinum. Ectopic thymomas arising in the posterior mediastinum are extremely rare. We present a case of thymoma which incidentally arising in the left Posterior Mediastinal, paravertebral sulcus and supra diaphragmatic region.

Case: The patient was a 67-years-old woman who underwent an enhanced-computed tomography examination as preoperative staging for renal mass. A 10cm×6cm mass was found incidentally in the left Posterior mediastinum, paravertebral sulcus region over the diaphragm, which mimicking enlarged possibility metastases from renal mass, lymph node or mediastinal mass. The tumor of mediastinum was resected by surgery after removed renal mass via extension of left flank incision in 10th intercostal space through phrenotomy. Postoperative pathological diagnosis of mass was type AB thymoma and diagnosis of kidney mass was angiolipoma. Patient referred to radiotherapy department. The patient was disease-free and without recurrence one year’s postoperatively.

Conclusion: When a mass located in the posterior mediastinum, ectopic thymus gland should be included in differential diagnosis. Imaging-techniques as CT-scan or MRI can help the extension of the mass. Ectopic thymus usually has a benign clinical course, if preoperative tissue diagnosis was benign, surgical resection is not recommended.

Clear cell chondrosarcoma (CCC) is a rare neoplasm. Reported here, is a case of a female patient with a history of marginal zone lymphoma of the thyroid presented with right hip pain. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the right hip revealed an abnormal signal, which subsequently was biopsied via fine-needle aspiration (FNA). The cellblock preparation from the cytology sample was further analyzed which revealed atypical chondroid cells with vacuolated cytoplasm, eccentric nuclei, and prominent nucleoli. The cellblock material showed fragments of nonmalignant bone and malignant chondroid cells with enlarged nuclei and prominent nucleoli in a background of multinucleated giant cells. Immunohistochemistry studies performed on cellblock cytology material ruled out other differentials such as malignant melanoma or metastatic epithelial tumor. These findings were consistent with the diagnosis of malignant cartilaginous tumor with features of CCC. Eventually the patient underwent surgical resection revealing a 5.0 x 4.0 – cm, white, cartilaginous mass with scattered fleshy areas involving the greater trochanter and extending into the intertrochanteric area. Histomorphologic features, together with immunohistochemistry (IHC) studies, confirmed the initial diagnosis of CCC made via cytology sample. Our case highlights how cytology material alone can be sufficient to provide a definitive diagnosis of CCC.

Recently, a very powerful web-server predictor has been established for identifying the subcellular localization of a protein based on its sequence information alone for the multi-label systems

Radiation-induced atypia presents a diagnostic challenge in differentiation with squamous cell carcinomas of the upper aerodigestive tract and lung. It is imperative to understand the different features of radiation-induced atypia and differentiate it from squamous cell carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) studies play an extremely important role in present-day pathology practice. It is being used for  diagnosis of primary and metastatic cancers, as a prognostic marker, targeted therapy, and identification of certain infectious agents. This case report discusses the features specific to each and proposes an IHC algorithm to assist in providing appropriate diagnosis and subsequent optimal management.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is a debilitating disorder characterized by degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons. Approximately 90% of all ALS cases are found to occur sporadically, whereas 10% of them are familial. ALS can characteristically present as bulbar dysfunction. We report the case of an 81-year-old female who presented with worsening dysarthria, dysphagia, and weight loss of one-year duration. She was later diagnosed with clinically possible to probable ALS based both on results of her laboratory tests and the diagnosis classification of Awaji-Shima Consensus Recommendations and the revised El Escorial Criteria. Riluzole and Edavarone are currently the only two drugs approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for ALS treatment. These drugs work mainly by delaying the course of the disease. Given the scant amount of treatment options available, further studies are warranted to better comprehend the pathogenesis of ALS and find novel and more efficacious ways of addressing it.