Canine distemper virus (CDV) is one of the most important pathogens of domestic and wild animals and widely distributed virus around the world. It belongs to thegenus Morbillivirus within the Paramyxoviridae family. At least six orders and over 20 families of Mammals are susceptible to this virus. CDV is highly contagious and have high morbidity andmortality in wild and domestic animal populations. Although there is only one serotype of the virus, it has widest host range with a constant threat to the conservation of the multiple endangered species worldwide. The lack of ecoepidemiological information of CDV transmission other than dogs has led to investigate the importance of the infection in a multihost scenario. The ability to jump the species barrier to infect a variety of mammals including primates has made apprehension that it can infect human being in near future. It is the need of the hour to elucidate the transmissionof CDV in different environments, and to have better understanding about the intricate epidemiological dynamics of CDV in multiple hosts. Among the genes of CDV, H gene is preferred for phylogenetic analysis of different genotypes owing it high mutation rate. However, the full genome sequencing would offer better insights about the substitution rates, glycosylations, and homologous recombination points that would explain the pathogenicity, species jump ability and vaccine failure of this virus as well as enable us to explain in detail its evolutionary informations and better understanding about the intricate epidemiological dynamics of CDV in its multiple host infections. This review is aimed to provide an overview about the recent emergence of CDV genotypes in different species of wild animals, pathogenicity and diagnosis so that the disease can be prevented and control in an efficient and effective manner and it impact on the conservation of a galaxy of wild animals and control can be minimized to a great extent.

Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) is one of the most important enteropathogen of dogs emerged in 1978 and manifested by two forms namely gastroenteritis and myocarditis. It is characterized by depression, loss of appetite, vomiting and leukopenia. CPV-2 is probably evolved from a very closely related virus in cats, feline panleukopenia virus (FPLV) or a closely related carnivore parvovirus. It caused high morbidity of 100% and low mortality of 10% in adult dogs and 91% in pups. Over the years a number of variants namely CPV-2a, CPV-2b, CPV-2c, New CPV-2a, New CPV-2b and Asp300 (2a/2b) have been reported from different countries in the world with varying degree of pathogenic potential. Although CPV-2 differ from FPV by 6 amino acids in the VP2 protein, subsequent variants differ from CPV-2 only in one or two places. Further, CPV-2 affects only dogs, new variants expanded their host range to cat as well. There are a number of different serological and molecular tests (PCR, nested PCR, SYBR Green based real time PCR, Taqman based real time PCR, Minor grove binding assay based PCR) available for prompt, specific and accurate diagnosis of the disease. Some molecular tests not only detect the CPV-2 but also identify the variant of CPV-2 involved in disease outbreak. Further, both live attenuated and inactivated vaccines are available to control the disease in animals. Besides, new generation vaccines namely recombinant vaccine, peptide vaccine and DNA vaccine have been developed for control of the disease in canines effectively and efficiently. However, new generation vaccines have not been issued license to be used in the field condition. Again, the presence of maternal antibodies often interferes with the active immunization with live attenuated vaccine and there always exists a window of susceptibility in spite of following proper immunization regimen. Lastly, judicious use of the vaccines in pet dogs, stray dogs and wild canids keeping in mind the new variants of the CPV-2 along with the proper sanitation and disinfection practices must be implemented for the successful control the disease.