Choriocarcinoma is an aggressive and uncommon germ cell testicular tumour which represents only 1 to 3% of all germ cell testicular tumours. It is a tumour that has a propensity for early haematogenous dissemination, which is why it often presents itself as a disseminated disease at diagnosis. In the advanced stages of the disease, treatment must be systemic, and for this there are different chemotherapy regimens. All treatment regimens contain platinum as a fundamental chemotherapeutic agent in this type of tumours. One of the most frequent adverse effects in these treatment regimens is cisplatin nephrotoxicity. The case report presents a 28 year old man with metastatic testicular choriocarcinoma treated with platinum-based chemotherapy that presented nephrotoxicity as an adverse effect, making treatment with cisplatin impossible. Despite using the corresponding support measures for this type of situations, the recovery of renal function was prolonged up to several weeks. During this time of recovery, it was not possible to continue with the chemotherapeutic treatment. As a result, since it was an aggressive disease, the disease progression led to the death of the patient due to multiple organ failure. This case report is intended to emphasize the importance of monitoring renal function to ensure adequate dosing of chemotherapeutic agents and the early detection of nephrotoxicity.

After a brief survey of the lack of any knowledge of the anatomophysiology of the genito-urinary apparatus in the most ancient civilizations and cultures: Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, India, Persia, the 5th-4th century of Greece with Hippocrates (c.469-c.399 B.C.), the authors deal with the first attempt at a scientific approach to the topic, which may be found- although with mistakes - in Aristotle’s (384-322 B. C.) treatises. After him Cornelius Celsus (1st century B.C-1st century A.D.) dealt with the kidneys in the briefest chapter 1, 5-10 of the 4th book of his De medicina, in which one cannot find anything original. Galen (129 c. -199 c.) developed and improved Hippocrates’ and Aristotle’s statements - their mistakes included - and his description and theories about uropoiesis lasted till the 15th century. The founder of the “new kidney” - so to say - was Berengarius of Carpi (1470 - 1531), whose exceptionally original anatomical procedure, and acute observations and descriptions Andreas Vesalius (1514 - 1564) ignored, as well as he ignored the nearly perfect Gabriele Falloppio’s (1523-1562) observations and descriptions and erroneously transferred the description of the scarified unipapillary kidney of a dog to the human pluripapillary kidney, mistaking the arcuate vessels for the calyces perfectly described by Falloppio.

Objective: As the incidence of End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) worldwide has increased, so has the need for performing Hemodialysis (HD) and Peritoneal Dialysis (PD). We sought to identify risk factors and measure the rate of infections in pediatric patients undergoing dialysis.

Design: A retrospective study

Setting: Single pediatric dialysis center in Kuwait from July 2003-July 2013

Subjects: Pediatric patients undergoing PD or HD

Interventions: Follow up of risk factors and rate of infections incidents

Main outcome measures: Risk factors, incidence rate of infections and microbiological profile of organisms causing dialysis-related infections were determined in HD or PD patients.

Results: A total of 91 patients underwent HD and 63 patients underwent PD. The episodes of infection were documented in 13 patients in each of the two groups. Our rates of infection were found to be one peritonitis episode per 20 patient-months in PD group and 0.41 infection episodes per patient-year in HD group. The commonest organisms isolated in PD-related infections were Pseudomonas aeruginosa and CoagulaseNegative Staphylococci (CNST) whereas in HD-related infections CNST was the leading organism. Among the risk factors in both groups, personal hygiene was the most significant with a P-value of

Conclusion: Our infection rates were consistent with international reports and consistent with others in proving poor personal hygiene as a significant risk factor for infection in patients undergoing renal dialysis.