This article analyzes information on the coinfection between leishmania and COVID-19, especially that observed in children, and on the host’s immune response to this dual infection. In this document, the comparison of research efforts and challenges on the topic focuses on the bibliographic review of the existing global scientific knowledge on the matter. The writing is structured, after a concise introduction in three chapters: Leishmania-COVID-19 coinfection in children. immune response; leishmaniasis and its role in COVID-19 infection; and conclusions. The ideas expressed are intended to contribute to efforts to control both pathologies considered serious public health problems.

Bovine cryptosporidiosis, caused by the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium, poses a significant threat to cattle health and productivity worldwide. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of bovine cryptosporidiosis, focusing on its associated risk factors and diagnostic methods. Understanding the risk factors contributing to the prevalence and transmission of Cryptosporidium in cattle populations is crucial for effective disease management. Factors such as age, herd size, housing conditions, environmental contamination, and geographic location play pivotal roles in the epidemiology of bovine cryptosporidiosis. Additionally, interactions between host susceptibility and pathogen virulence further complicate disease dynamics

Accurate and timely diagnosis is essential for implementing control strategies and mitigating the economic losses associated with bovine cryptosporidiosis. Various diagnostic methods, including microscopy, immunological assays, molecular techniques such as PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), and emerging technologies like loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), are discussed in detail. Each method’s sensitivity, specificity, advantages, and limitations are evaluated, providing insights into their practical utility in different settings. Furthermore, advancements in diagnostic tools and techniques, such as high-throughput sequencing and proteomic approaches, offer promising avenues for enhancing our understanding of Cryptosporidium diversity, pathogenesis, and drug resistance patterns. Integrating these innovative approaches with traditional diagnostic methods holds great potential for improving disease surveillance and control strategies.

The aim of this review is to highlights the multifaceted nature of bovine cryptosporidiosis and underscores the importance of a holistic approach encompassing risk factor identification, accurate diagnostics, and targeted interventions for effective disease management in cattle populations. Continued research efforts aimed at elucidating the complex interactions between host, parasite, and environment will be instrumental in developing sustainable control measures to mitigate the impact of bovine cryptosporidiosis on animal health and welfare.

Trypanosomiasis is a disease complex caused by several species of unicellular protozoal parasites of the genus Trypanosoma. In Ethiopia, bovine trypanomiasis is highly prevalent in low lands of tsetse infested areas and distribution is found to be widespread covering most parts of Western and south-western parts of the country and some species are distributed throughout the countries. The most important trypanosomes, in terms of economic loss in domestic livestock, are tsetse transmitted species: T. Congolese, T. vivax, and T. brucei. Trypanosomiasis remains a serious challenge causes economic losses and main constraint of livestock production and rural development in the country. In Ethiopia, the temporal and spatial distribution of bovine Trypanosomiasis, information on dynamics of tsetse, tsetse infested areas and seasonal occurrence of bovine trypanomiasis is limited. But tsetse flies are biological vectors of African Trypanosomiasis in animals. Their distribution and prevalence are most influenced by spatial factors such as climate, vegetation, and land utilization. It is transmitted from infected animals to susceptible hosts both mechanical and biological vectors and is characterized by enlargement of lymph nodes, and chronic emaciation, this disease can be diagnosed by clinical signs, or direct and indirect parasitological diagnosis. Once infection of bovine trypanomiasis has happened, it can be treated by diminazene aceturate, homidium bromide, homidium chloride, and isometamidium and quinapyramine sulfate. Bovine trypanomiasis can be controlled by early treatment of infected animals, and vector control. Thus, it is recommended that appropriate use of antiprotozoal drugs, restriction of animal movement, and integrated prevention and control program should be implemented to eradicate trypanomiasis and protozoal disease.

Leishmaniases comprise a heterogeneous and extensive group of infectious and non-contagious diseases caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania spp. To date, more than 20 species have been identified that can cause visceral or tegumentary impairment in humans. Considered endemic in 92 countries, with around one million new cases of tegumentary forms annually. They have a strict relationship with poverty, environmental changes, population displacements resulting from catastrophes or wars and a lack of public health policies to adequately control them. The World Health Organization considers that more than one billion people are at risk of becoming infected because they live in endemic regions. Classically, the lesions appear in exposed areas of the tegument that have been bitten by the winged vector. In the present report we present a case of a patient with a skin lesion clinically compatible with cutaneous leishmaniasis, in an atypical and rare location on the penis, resulting from the patient’s work habit as he performed his  physiological needs in the forest area, the place where he was probably bitten by the winged agent. The diagnosis was confirmed by histological examination of the lesion, aspiration from the edge with identification of the agent, and the patient was treated with liposomal amphotericin with complete regression of the lesion.