To describe cell-specific acetylation of histones and their zonal localization in normal mouse liver and characterize their changes in acetaminophen (APAP)-damaged mouse liver 24 hr after APAP exposure, we performed an immunohistochemical study using normal and APAP-injured mouse livers. Cell-specific expression of acetylated H4 was observed in normal mouse liver. The highest acetylated H4 expression levels were found in bile duct epithelial cells, followed by sinusoidal non-parenchymal cells, venous endothelial cells, and hepatocytes. Zonal differences were observed; acetylated H4 expression was stronger in zone 1 (periportal) than in zone 3 (pericentral). In APAP-treated mouse liver, acetylated H4 expression decreased as tissue damage developed, and was significantly negatively correlated with tissue damage and alanine aminotransferase levels (p<0.05). Acetylated H4 expression in sinusoidal non-parenchymal cells did not decrease after tissue damage. The method implemented herein can measure acetylated H4 expression in a cell- and zone-specific manner and aid future investigation on pathobiological relevance of altered histone modification in liver injury and repair.

Our work is part of the world-wide and ongoing efforts of GeoGebra community and other technology communities to increase the rate of change in development of new tools to facilitate and further foster the teaching and learning of mathematics, and its applications. An important part of our research is the use of GeoGebra to demonstrate the Pulfrich stereo-phenomenon. Our paper is result of the research done with regard to the applications of mathematics in special directions such as: solving problems of physics, biology and astronomy by using technology as a bridge. GeoGebra can be used to perform lots of simulations of physical phenomena from Mechanics discipline to solved computational problems. Our work is part of the passionate work of many GeoGebra users which will result with a very rich fund of GeoGebra virtual tools, of examples and experiences that will be world-widely available for many teachers and GeoGebra software practitioners.

Lipids play important roles in a variety of cellular trafficking and signaling pathways, and in maintaining homeostasis within eukaryotic cells. This review aims at discussing the various classes of lipids present in cellular membranes, as well as their roles, and an up-to-date discussion of the impact of membrane lipid composition on vesicular trafficking and associated diseases.

Turbulent Mixing in buoyancy-driven stratified flow can be most accurately represented by two non dimensional parameters: ‘entrainment rate (E)’ and ‘mixing efficiency (µ)’. This study investigates the differences in mixing between 2-D and 3-D dense currents, with a bottom slope up to 100 for a wide range of Reynolds (1500 < Re < 17000) by employing high-resolution Large Eddy Simulations (LES). For given initial conditions, the instantaneous Froude’s number for 2-D simulation is equivalent to that from 3-D simulation in the slumping phase. However, the E in the former is up to twice as large as that in the latter, which ranges from 0.02 < E < 0.1. The results demonstrate strong correlations of E and µ with Re, within the wide span of Re cases, for subcritical Fr within 0.50-.65. It is further shown that µ values are in the range of 0.11 ± 0.02 for 3-D and 0.14 ± 0.01 for 2-D lock-exchange cases, which is smaller than the value of 0.2 that is extensively used by the oceanography community to compute mixing in the ocean. Differences in mixing behavior exist between lock-exchange and dense overflow density current systems.

Clear insights of climate change impacts on river pollution are difficult to predict particularly for big river basins due to huge variations in their hydro-geochemical and ecological complexities. This review is focused towards better understanding of the cause-effect interactions of climate change and river-pollution with special reference to Ganges River system in India which is facing huge ecosystem disturbances since last few decades. It synthesizes the interrelations of nutrient fluxes, their forms and transformations, sediment loads and major river pollutants with climatic variables. It also gives an account of major bio-physical processes and ecological services affected and their impacts on river biota. It tries to reveal the connections and effects of pollution with different levels of temperature variation induced flux shock and consequent altered discharge, changed homeostasis and pollution variance in rivers which may be extrapolated and projected. Based on current understandings and knowledge gaps, some future research approaches have also been suggested to comprehend this issue.