SM Journal of Biology

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A Review of the Reproduction of Tiger Barb (Puntius tetrazona)

Fish breeding and its trade is one of the most attractive and profitable sectors of aquaculture that is developing. Tiger barb fish, which is one of the most beautiful native fishes in Southeast Asia, belongs to the Cyprinidae family and has been kept in aquariums since the past until today due to its beautiful colors and is very popular among aquarium owners. Propagating this species is not very difficult and can be very profitable if the principles are followed. In this study, we will have an overview of tiger barb fish’s biology and reproduction stages.

Mohammad Forouhar Vajargah1* and Masoud Sattari1,2


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The Protease Activity of Soy Trypsin Inhibitor, Soy Antigen Proteins, Virus Antigen Protein and Hormones

The protease inhibitors in soy protein, such as trypsin inhibitors and soy antigen proteins, are key endogenous hydrolytic enzymes, protease A1, and peptidases, involved in soybean germination. When the anti trypsin inhibitor is combined with pepsin and trypsin, the former has higher proteolytic enzyme activity and stronger stress resistance, and can degrade animal digestive enzymes instead of being degraded by them. The capsid proteins of various viruses are proteases. After binding to membrane protein receptors, the capsid protein degrades the membrane protein, causing damage to cell integrity and initiating the endocytosis mechanism, or make a crack in the cell membrane. The destroyed membrane protein, including the virus, is internalized to form intracellular vesicles, initiating the virus infection mechanism. A virus is a protease encapsulated by DNA/RNA, which helps DNA/ RNA enter host cells for replication and proliferation. The immune response is an enzymatic reaction that defends against internal proteases with viral proteases, and is a reaction between Ab proteases and Ag proteases, so the antibodies specificity appears to be high. Hormones like insulin works as protease too. Animal protease and virus protease are synthesized in the form of proenzymes. Animals and human beings themselves have almost no diseases. The diseases such as cancer, hypertension, stroke, diabetes and obesity may be caused by universal vaccination. Widespread vaccination leads to excessive activity of antibody proteases in the body, disrupting the normal mechanism of regulating protease levels. If vaccination is stop, as the source of infectious diseases is well controlled, humans will not have mass outbreaks of the above diseases. The article presents some insights into digestive physiology and preventive medicine.

Hongbiao Ding*


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The Advantages of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Drug Delivery Systems

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized particles, secreted by most, if not all cell types, enclosed by a bilayer phospholipid membrane, and mediate crucial intercellular communications by carrying and transporting many active biological molecules. These naturally occurred nanoparticles are emerging as a promising drug delivery system. In particular, EVs from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-EVs) offer numerous advantages as drug delivery vehicles due to their unique features, as briefly reviewed below in Figure 1.

Xiubin Kuang1†, Jun Peng1†, Yingying Peng1 , Chen Huang2* and Zhengqiang Yuan1*


Latest Articles

A Review of the Reproduction of Tiger Barb (Puntius tetrazona)

Mohammad Forouhar Vajargah1* and Masoud Sattari1,2

Pages: 11

The Protease Activity of Soy Trypsin Inhibitor, Soy Antigen Proteins, Virus Antigen Protein and Hormones

Hongbiao Ding*

Pages: 11

The Advantages of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Drug Delivery Systems

Xiubin Kuang1†, Jun Peng1†, Yingying Peng1 , Chen Huang2* and Zhengqiang Yuan1*

Pages: 11

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Director, Interventional Implant Program MedStar Heart & Vascular Institute, Washington, DC, USA

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