Dragonflies are natural enemies for a host of insects, which mainly feed on mosquitoes and other insect pests. Bacterial communities in the dragonfly gut impact on host survival, ecology and evolution; however intestinal microbiota diversity in these insects is not well understood. In this study, we used the Illumina Miseq PE300 platform to characterize intestinal microbiota communities in four dragonfly species(Pantala flavescens Fabricius; Orthetrum sabino Drury; Coenagrion dyeri Fraser and Brachythemis contaminate Fabricius). Our results showed that microbiota densities and species in the dragonfly gut were rich and varied; these microbes showed complex interrelationships suggesting the host species had a major impact on gut community richness. The diversity of intestinal microbes may be related to the species and the habitats of dragonflies. Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were common in the four samples and represented core members of the dragonfly gut microbiota, accounting for approximately 99.00%. At the genus level, Serratia (83%), Lactococcus (41.5%), Hafnia (55.8%) and Lactococcus (71.7%) were dominant populations in the four groups (d1, h1_1, h1 and q1). Our results provide a basis for future research on gut bacteria functions in the dragonflies.

Plumeria rubra (frangipani) leaves and flowers were extracted using ethyl acetate by maceration process of solvent extraction. The leaves and flowers were screened for phytochemicals, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory activities. The leaves and flower extracts showed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, balsam, cardiac glycosides, phenols, terpenes and steroids. The extract indicates the absence of flavonoids, saponins and resins. The leaves and flower extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, resins, terpenes and steroids; absence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins and balsam. The zones of inhibition ranges from 10-28mm and the plant extracts showed a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against gram positive and gram-negative bacteria. It was more pronounced on gram negative bacteria especially Proteus mirabilis. Furthermore, the ethyl acetate crude extract was effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa which is usually resistant to most antimicrobial agents. The extracts were also effective against the fungi Candida albicans. The results of the study can serve as a valuable source of information and provide suitable standards for the prevention and treatment of diseases in animal agriculture.

Emissions from human activities contribute to air pollution, global warming, and environmental degradation. These effects can harm human health and ecosystems, underscoring the importance of sustainable practices to mitigate the impact of emissions on the environment. By the time on the first exploration of reservoirs and first design contracts dates of refineries, there are many challenges appeared on the health, safety, and environment by conduction of the oil such as the higher contents of sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, halogen, metals, and aromatics. There are many side effects on the human health starting from the simple to the malignant diseases such as cancer. Also, the safety of equipment and catalysts are affected by the presence of high content of these impurities in oils by many phenomena such as corrosion, erosion, and poisoning. In this study, microorganisms’ colony has been isolated from Amara crude oil by using 9k medium (ATCC 2436). It was found that this colony has the ability to make biodesulfurization (BDS) of crude oil from 4.4 to 3.845 %. Also, it was found that this isolated colony upgraded the oil in improvement API-density.