A field experiment was carried out at Metema and Tach Armachiho districts of North Western Amhara to investigate the effect of nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer rates on yield and yield components of upland rice during the main cropping season of 2020/2021. At both experimental sites, a factorial combination of four levels of nitrogen (0, 46, 92 and 138kg ha-1) and three level of P2 O5 (0, 23, 46 kg ha-1) were tested in randomized complete block design with three replications. A combined analysis of variance revealed highly significant (p<0.01) difference among the traits panicle length, number of effective tillers and grain yield for the interaction effect of Nitrogen and Phosphorus nutrients rates while thousand seed weight was significant (p<0.05). For other traits recorded, non-significant interaction effect was observed while significant for one or two of the nutrient rates applied. The combined application of 92 and 46 kg N - P2 O5 ha-1 gave yield of 6170 kg ha-1 which is higher than other fertilizer rate interactions. The partial budget analysis also indicated that the application of 92 and 46 kg N - P2O5 ha-1 had the highest net benefit (Birr 119,245.3 ha-1), with acceptable marginal rate of return (1151.48%) as compared to other treatments. Therefore, application of 92 kg N ha-1 and 46 kg P2 O5 ha-1 is recommended for upland rice growers in both Tach Armachiho and Metema areas and other similar agro-ecologies

Utah Lake, Utah, USA, has undergone an anthropogenic ecosystem shift from clearwater to a turbid state in less than 150 years. There is now strong citizen support for its restoration, including its native fishes. However, no effort has been made to understand its food web or ecosystem function, essential for scientifically based restoration. Consequently, a representative food web model was urgently needed. We present the first-ever food web-based, ecosystem function model of Utah Lake using EcoPath. Biomasses, diets, and production/biomass ratios of eighty-one taxonomic groups were modeled. Results showed an impaired Utah Lake ecosystem dominated by only a handful of taxa, including invasive carp, other invasive fishes, and pollution-tolerant chironomids. Lake energy sources were co-dominated by water column primary production and detritus, mostly as detrital snow with negligible benthic photosynthetic production. Utah Lake has low robustness (e.g., resistance), is below optimal trophic functioning, and is trapped in an ‘immature’ early succession stage primarily because of chronic wave action that disturbs unconsolidated sediments, thus preventing system maturation, maintaining the lake in a ‘bloom’ susceptible eutrophic state that underutilizes available nutrients. Carp reduction had positive mixed-level trophic impacts on several groups, indicating the need for an improved reduction program. Increased monitoring and research are essential, including ecosystem network analyses needed to predict future changes to Utah Lake’s ecosystem, including directing restorative actions.

Groundwater (GW) is a critical yet increasingly threatened resource, particularly in India, the world’s largest user. Climate change, through rising temperatures, increased evapotranspiration, and erratic rainfall, intensifies GW depletion by altering aquifer dynamics, while industrialization and unregulated quarrying exacerbate this degradation. The resulting losses extend beyond economic measures, manifesting as Non-Economic Loss and Damage (NELD), including displacement of livelihoods, cultural identity, traditional water sharing practices, and collective well-being. Hydrogeochemical assessments and socio-ecological vulnerability analysis in the Periyar River Basin (PRB), —a climate-sensitive zone in the Southern Western Ghats—illustrate how consecutive droughts (2016–2017) and f loods (2018–2019) induce profound, intangible losses, disrupting agrarian and fishing livelihoods and weakening cultural attachment to riverine ecosystems. This study highlights Non-Economic Loss and Damage (NELD) in the Periyar River Basin, showing how groundwater contamination, chemical changes, and rising climate-linked diseases like Dengue and Leptospirosis affect community health, and well-being. These impacts go beyond financial costs, emphasizing the need to consider ecological, cultural, and social dimensions in water management and climate adaptation planning. Incorporating NELD into GW governance is essential for climate justice, enabling recognition and quantification of these invisible losses, strengthening basin-level planning, supporting global engagement with climate f inance mechanisms such as the Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage (FRLD), and fostering resilience while safeguarding social and ecological integrity in the Western Ghats.

This study investigates heavy metal contamination in seawater and sediments in three coastal regions of Oman – Darsait, Azaibah and Seeb. In 2022, sample collections were made in subtidal ecosystems in these three areas, and the samples were analysed to assess the potential environmental impacts of treated wastewater. The study employed a comprehensive sampling strategy adhering to the Oman Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Guidelines to evaluate key parameters such as temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and heavy metal concentrations see Appendix 1. Results indicate that the levels of most heavy metals contamination had not changed significantly since the baseline surveys in 2009 and 2012, but that some levels were still above EIA guidelines. Recommendations are made to reduce these levels, ensuring the protection of marine environments and humans while supporting industrial growth. This research contributes to our understanding of anthropogenic impacts on marine ecosystems in Oman and highlights the importance of regular monitoring and adaptive management practices.

The paper introduces a machine learning method of detecting multiple sources of water contamination caused by wildfire. The method includes changing the water flow regime, monitoring the time series of the contaminant concentration caused by regime changes, and associating the signature of the contaminant changes over time with sources locations. The contaminant signature from multiple sources starting at the moment of changing water velocity are defined by extending the approach for one contamination source. The intensity, location of each source, and diffusion coefficient are defined to satisfy the minimum square between monitoring and theoretical concentrations. The equations derived from the criteria of the best fit between experimental and modeling data are solved using the theory of hypernumbers. The initial values for hypernumber solutions are computed using the transient process of contaminant transport curve analysis. The defined in this paper algorithm can by used for detecting location of the arbitrary impurity in water network system.

Chronic exposure to ambient Ozone (O3) air pollution induces respiratory inflammation and hyperreactivity, emphysema and interstitial lung fibrosis. O3-induced oxidative stress causes epithelial barrier injury and cell death activating Toll-like receptors, DNA sensing pathways and inflammasomes with production of a range of inflammatory chemokines with a mixed phenotype of COPD and asthma. O3 exposure is often associated with other pollutants causing exacerbation leading to severe respiratory disease. Here, we review mechanisms and therapeutic targets to control O3-induced COPD-like disease.

On July 19, 2023, an EF-3 tornado struck Rocky Mount, North Carolina, severely impacting the environment and damaging Pfizer’s pharmaceutical facility. This project uses the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to analyze environmental vulnerability before and after the tornado. Landsat 8 satellite imagery was used to compare NDVI data from two weeks before and four weeks after the event. Using ArcGIS, zonal statistics and raster analysis identified areas of significant vegetation loss across urban, forested, and agricultural zones along the 16-mile tornado path. Results revealed notable decreases in NDVI values, indicating widespread loss of vegetation and soil disruption. Damage to the Pfizer plant, which produces about 25% of U.S.hospital-injectable medicines, emphasized the tornado’s critical pharmaceutical impact. This study demonstrates how geospatial science tools like NDVI can assess environmental vulnerability and disaster impact, helping guide future planning, emergency response, and infrastructure resilience in a changing climate.

Keywords: EF-3 Tornado; Environmental Impact; Geospatial Analysis; Disaster Resilience; Vegetation change.

Contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) are known to affect aquatic organisms downstream of wastewater treatment plant effluent discharges. Studies in the Grand River watershed on the small-bodied, benthic rainbow darter (Etheostoma caeruleum) have shown altered gene expression, sex steroid levels, gonad size and expression of intersex (testis-ova) associated with wastewater outfalls. Due to these observed biological impacts, over $450M has been spent by the municipal government to upgrade the two major wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) within the Grand River watershed (Waterloo, Kitchener). In this study we monitored process upgrades at each of the WWTPs between 2010 to 2019 for a suite of chemicals including nutrients, CECs, hormones and total estrogenicity. Effluent samples for select CECs and total estrogenicity were analyzed by LC-MS/MS and yeast estrogen screen (YES) assay, respectively. Estrogenicity of the effluent declined rapidly after upgrades were completed. The removal of key CECs varied depending on their physiochemical properties. Although treatment process upgrades lead to greatly reduced environmental exposure to many CECs such as naproxen, some remain at relatively high concentrations (i. e. carbamazepine) that may continue to represent a risk to the environment.

Introduction: Fluorosis, also known as fluorine poisoning is a disease caused by the disruption of various metabolic pathways, one of which includes calcium metabolism implicated in dental and bone formation due to the replacement of calcium by fluoride ions in bone matrix. The aim of study was to determine the presence of fluorine of the population consuming water contaminated at the Diamaré Division.

Method: A cross sectional analytic study design in 7 villages at the Diamaré division from 1st December 2021 to 30th May 2022 was carried out. Participants who gave consent and filled the selection criteria were included. The socio-demographic characteristics, medical history, eating habits and clinical characteristics of the participants were obtained using a questionnaire. Samples of urine, blood of participants and water were collected for analysis at the Centre for Study and Control of Communicable Diseases at the Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences of the University of Yaoundé. Fluoride concentration in water and urine. Data entry and analysis was done using Epi info; Associations were derived from bivariate analysis.

Results: We had bore holes, wells and river as water sources used of water for drinking, cooking and household activities. 152 participants were recruited and the most common water source used was bore holes (N=94; 61.84.7%). Some used water from one source only; others from two sources or more. Majority had Joint pains (78.7%). Dental fluorosis accounted for 26%., bowed legs 4.7%, skeletal deformities 6%, immobilization of joints 41.3% and knocked knees 1.3%. A mean water fluoride concentration of 1.30 ±1.68mg/l ranging from 0.04-5.75mg/l was obtained from 30 samples of water collected while that of 2.89 ±2.87mg/l ranging from 0.05-14.35 mg/l was obtained from urine.

Conclusion: The majority of water sources (wells and boreholes) used by our study population for consumption are contaminated with fluoride which is eliminated in urine by the entire population.

Hurricane Helene made landfall near Perry (Latitude 30.1N) in the Big Bend area of Florida with a central pressure of 939hPa. It moved northwards creating devastating damage and loss of life; however, the greatest damage and number of fatalities occurred well to the north around the City of Ashville (Latitude 35.6N) where extreme rainfall fell and some of the strongest wind gusts were reported [1-3]. This paper describes the change in the hurricane’s structure as it tracked northwards, how it gathered tropical moisture from the Atlantic and a turning wind profile between the 850hPa and 500hPa elevations which led to such extreme rainfall. This turning wind profile is shown to be associated with extreme rainfall and loss of life from drowning and landslides around the globe. The area around Ashville suffered 157 fatalities which is a significant proportion of the 250 fatalities so far recorded in the whole United Stares from Helene. This is of extreme concern and should be investigated in detail as the public generally expect the greatest impact from hurricanes to be confined to coastal areas near the landfall site. It is another example of increased death tolls from tropical cyclones moving inland and generating heavy rainfall. As the global population increases and inland centres become more urbanised, run off from such rainfall increases which causes greater devastation.